The guidelines, "Pharmacologic and Surgical Management of Obesity in Primary Care: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians," were published in the April 5, 2005, issue of Annals of Internal Medicine.
People with a body mass index (BMI) over 30 might consider drug therapy after an appropriate trial of diet and exercise has failed. Surgery is for those with a BMI over 40 who also have obesity-related health problems such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or sleep apnea, ACP guidelines say.
People with a body mass index from 25-29.9 are considered overweight. Those with BMI from 30-39.9 are considered obese; people with a BMI over 40 are considered morbidly (or extremely) obese. BMI is a measure of height and weight. ACP's new guidelines apply to patients with BMI's of 30 and over.
"BMI should be considered another vital sign," says Vincenza Snow, MD, director of clinical programs at ACP. "Patients should know their BMIs like they know their age, blood pressure and cholesterol numbers, and doctors should track their patients' BMIs like they follow blood pressure."
Weight-Loss Drugs
ACP identifies six drugs that according to valid clinical studies aid weight loss: sibutramine, orlistat, phentermine, diethylproprion, and fluxotine. When patients and clinicians are making decisions about use of these drugs, ACP recommends frank discussions about potential side effects and lack of long-term efficacy and safety data. (Most weight-loss drugs have no studies beyond one year.) Further, the average weight loss at one year is small to moderate, ACP says, and there are no data on whether weight loss is maintained after drug therapy is discontinued.
"Even with weight-loss drugs and even after surgery, patients must change lifestyles, eat properly and exercise," says Snow. "There's no magic bullet."
Bariatric Surgery
ACP guidelines discuss several types of obesity (bariatric) surgical procedures and cautions that none have randomized, controlled trials comparing surgery with non-surgical control groups. Furthermore, all have possible side effects, ranging from surgical complications to gall bladder disease and digestion difficulties. The ACP guidelines estimate that the death rate from bariatric surgery, including in-hospital and deaths within 30 days of discharge, ranges from 0.3 in a hundred to as high as 1.9 per 100 surgeries.
ACP says that existing evidence shows a technical 'learning curve' in bariatric surgical techniques and suggests that doctors and patients considering obesity surgery seek highly experienced surgeons and surgical centers whenever feasible.
"There are differences among the surgeries, so patients need to understand the risks of complications from surgery as well as complications further down the road, such as gall bladder disease and sometimes re-operation," said Snow.
ACP based its guidelines on an evidence report and background papers funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The guidelines were developed by ACP's Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee and were passed by the ACP Board of Regents in October 2004.
The American College of Physicians (ACP) is the largest medical-specialty organization and the second-largest physician group in the United States. ACP members include 116,000 internal medicine physicians (internists), related subspecialists, medical students and residents. Internists specialize in the prevention, detection and treatment of illnesses in adults, reflected in the organization's trademarked phrase "Doctors of Internal Medicine. Doctors for Adults.®" ACP publishes Annals of Internal Medicine, the most widely cited internal medicine journal in the world.
NOTE to Editors:
1. The guidelines are available online, as of April 5, 2005, at www.annals.org.
2. Find a BMI calculator at www. DoctorsForAdults.com, the public-patient Web site of the American College of Physicians.
3. The ACP guidelines are the subject of a video news release. Call for coordinates:
Journal
Annals of Internal Medicine