Loss of vision is a common complication of diabetes and results from two primary conditions: diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. In diabetic retinopathy, tiny blood vessels in the retina become damaged. While early in the disease (the nonproliferative stage) there are often no symptoms, over time new, abnormal blood vessels proliferate and bleed easily. If untreated, proliferative diabetic retinopathy can cause severe vision loss. In diabetic macular edema, leaky blood vessels cause swelling in the macula -- the part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision. Current laser treatments for diabetic eye diseases may help prevent severe vision loss, but because the laser destroys areas of the retina, side effects of treatment may include reduction in peripheral vision or night vision.
The purpose of the PKC-Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) was to evaluate the safety and effect of an oral treatment, RBX, on retinopathy progression or visual loss in patients with moderately severe to very severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. In the double-masked, randomized multiple-dose study, 252 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes received either RBX or a placebo over a period of 3-4 years. The study measured the effect of three orally administered doses of RBX (8, 16, or 32 mg/day) on progression of diabetic retinopathy, moderate visual loss and sustained moderate visual loss. The study was conducted at Joslin Diabetes Center, medical centers across the United States as well as in Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and United Kingdom.
The oral treatment RBX inhibits, or blocks, the activity of an enzyme called protein kinase C. PKC is essential to the normal production of energy in the body, but a specific form of the enzyme -- PKC-beta -- has been linked to diabetic complications of the eye and other parts of the body. Thus RBX was designed to be selective for the single PKC-beta isoform, a fact that contributes to the inhibitor's excellent safety profile, according to the researchers.
"Our results demonstrate that although RBX did not prevent progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, it may reduce the risk of moderate vision loss caused by macular edema," said study chairman Lloyd Paul Aiello, M.D., Ph.D., Head of Joslin's Section on Eye Research, Director of Joslin's Beetham Eye Institute and Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School. "If these findings hold true in a currently ongoing larger clinical trial, then RBX may eventually offer a new treatment option for patients with diabetes, especially in light of the lack of serious side effects reported to date." Other members of the writing committee and study executive committee included Matthew D. Davis, M.D., of Madison, WI; Roy C. Milton, M.D., of Rockville, MD; and Matthew J. Sheetz, M.D., Ph.D., Vipin Arora, and Louis Vignati, M.D., of Indianapolis, IN.
"Joslin has a long history of PKC research which has made significant contributions toward the work which ultimately made evaluation of this inhibitor possible," said Dr. Aiello. Indeed, the laboratory of George L. King, M.D., Joslin's Director of Research and Head of the Section on Vascular Cell Biology, has studied PKC for two decades and was the first to hypothesize that activation of PKC -- especially the beta isoform -- is the major signaling pathway stimulated by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose associated with diabetes). In diabetic animal models, the lab also showed that abnormal activation of PKC is an important factor in decreasing blood flow to the retina. These seminal discoveries established the link between hyperglycemia, PKC and diabetic eye disease.
Having established this link, Dr. King began working with scientists at Eli Lilly to design a chemical inhibitor for the PKC-beta isoform. It was from this collaboration that RBX emerged.
Drs. King and Aiello also collaborated on a number of PKC retinal studies that provided further evidence of the link between PKC and blood vessel abnormalities of the eye, conditions which improved following treatment with the PKC-beta inhibitor.
The PKC-DRS study was funded by Eli Lilly and conducted by the PKC-DRS Study Group.
About Joslin Diabetes Center
Joslin Diabetes Center, dedicated to conquering diabetes in all of its forms, is the global leader in diabetes research, care and education. Founded in 1898, Joslin is an independent nonprofit institution affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Joslin research is a team of more than 300 people at the forefront of discovery aimed at preventing and curing diabetes. Joslin Clinic, affiliated with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, the nationwide network of Joslin Affiliated Programs, and the hundreds of Joslin educational programs offered each year for clinicians, researchers and patients, enable Joslin to develop, implement and share innovations that immeasurably improve the lives of people with diabetes. As a nonprofit, Joslin benefits from the generosity of donors in advancing its mission. For more information on Joslin, call 1-800-JOSLIN-1 or visit www.joslin.org.
Journal
Diabetes