News Release

Fundamental limitation to quantum computers

Peer-Reviewed Publication

Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research

Quantum computers that save their data in so-called quantum bits (or qubits) will be confronted with a fundamental limitation. This is the claim made by Dutch theoretical physicists from the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM) and Leiden University in an article recently published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

A quantum computer can only function if the information exists for long enough to be processed. The so-called coherency of the qubit ensures that the quantum information remains intact. The researchers have now discovered that the coherency spontaneously disappears over the course of time and with this the stored information as well. This could pose a considerable problem for the development of a quantum computer.

A quantum computer makes use of the fact that a quantum mechanical system — an electron, an atom or even a larger system such as a superconducting quantum bit — can simultaneously exist in two states. Normally one of the two states disappears as soon as the system comes into contact with the outside world. The coherency then disappears as a result of the decoherence process and the information in a quantum bit is lost.

A quantum bit typically consists of a large number of particles, with an unavoidably large number of possibilities that can be influenced by the environment and subjected to decoherency. Jasper van Wezel, Jeroen van den Brink (FOM) and Jan Zaanen, all attached to the Lorentz Institute of Leiden University have now investigated whether it is possible to maintain the coherency in an isolated qubit.

Much to their surprise they discovered that the coherency tends to spontaneously disappear, even without external influences. The degredation process is linked to the occurrence of quantum mechanical spontaneous symmetry breaking. In classical physics an equivalent example of this process is spontaneous crystallisation in a solution. At a certain point a crystal is spontaneously formed, as a result of which the fluid structure is broken.

According to the researchers' predictions, the coherency in several highly promising concepts for qubits will disappear after about a second. Moreover, the smaller the qubits the faster that process occurs. All of this would seem to pose a fundamental limitation on the development of qubits. Experimental research will now have to demonstrate whether this phenomenon actually occurs.

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For further information please contact:

Dr Jeroen van den Brink
t: 31-715-275-510
brink@lorentz.leidenuniv.nl
The article "An Intrinsic Limit to Quantum Coherence due to Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking" was published in Physical Review Letters, in the week ending 17 June 2005.


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