Follow-up tests showed that the ovaries in the two sheep from which oocytes were recovered were still functioning normally three years later.
Lead author Dr Amir Arav, senior scientist at the Institute of Animal Science, Agriculture Research Organisation, Bet Dagan, said that these results demonstrate for the first time that it is possible in a large animal species, to remove, freeze, thaw and replace ovaries, obtain oocytes and maintain normal ovarian long-term function. This holds out hope that this approach could become a feasible treatment for women facing premature ovarian failure, and furthermore, that the advances they have demonstrated from new freezing techniques may have potential for other human organ transplants, which are currently done using only fresh grafts.
Co-author Yehudit Nathan, program manager at Core Dynamics, the biotech company that funded and provided the scientific and technological expertise for the project, said the next goal was to attempt to transplant ovaries in women at risk of losing their fertility.
"There is a lot of research still to be done, but we hope that it will not take more than a few years for this to become a practicable option for women, such as young cancer patients, who would otherwise be left infertile after their treatment," she said.
Whole ovary autologous transplants have already been attempted twice in women – in 1987 and 2004 – in both cases into the upper arm, but in neither case was the ovary frozen and thawed first[2].
Another much-researched option is freezing and transplanting thawed ovarian tissue. Two babies have been born using this technique[3]. However, adhesions and the loss of blood to the ovarian follicles that occurs during the interval before new blood vessels are being formed, remain major obstacles.
The first aim of the Israeli team was to test in vitro whether whole ovaries from sheep, together with the blood vessels, could survive the freeze-thaw process using a technique they have developed that allows precise control over the propagation of ice crystals during the freezing process, thus reducing the damage caused to cells by conventional methods[4]. Sheep were chosen because their ovaries are similar to those of humans. The technique worked – the frozen-thawed ovaries produced comparable numbers of follicles as the fresh control ovaries.
The next objective was to see if they could remove, freeze and thaw the right ovary from eight sheep, including the vascular pedicles (the attachment that contains the main blood vessels), and replace the ovary up to a fortnight later, either at the original site or by grafting it on to the pedicle of the (removed) left ovary. Of the five sheep where normal blood flow resumed immediately, indicating that the transplant had succeeded, one had severe adhesions and it was not possible to attempt oocyte collection, but two yielded one oocyte each and repeat aspiration four months later produced four more oocytes from one of these sheep.
All six ooctyes were activated parthenogenically using chemicals that mimic the normal fertilisation process, and developed into 8-cell embryos.
"We used parthenogenic activation as we had only a low number of oocytes and because IVF success in sheep depends on the quality of the ram's sperm. This way, we knew that the development of the embryo depended solely on the quality of the ooctye," said Dr Arav.
Two years after transplantation the researchers carried out magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on one sheep with a transplanted ovary and one untreated control sheep. It showed that the transplanted ovary contained small oocyte follicles, and although a little smaller than the ovary in the control sheep it was within the normal range. The blood vessels were also intact.
"Adhesions on the transplant might interfere with natural conception so pregnancy may require IVF techniques, but we have been able to demonstrate long-term intact organ cryopreservation with restored function following thawing and transplantation, in a large animal for around 36 months post-transplantation," said Dr Arav. "This approach could revolutionise the field of cryopreservation for diverse human applications, such as organ transplants, as well as helping women who face the loss of their fertility."
The research may also have far-reaching applications for animals. The team recently froze the ovary of the Gazelle gazelle acaiae, an endangered sub-specie of the Gazelle gazelle, so that it can be transplanted in the future into an immune-suppressed surrogate.
[1] Oocyte recovery, embryo development and ovarian function after cryopreservation and transplantation of whole sheep ovary. Human Reproduction. doi:10.1093/humrep/dei278.
[2] Whole ovary transplants: First done in 1987 on an 18-year-old cancer patient, but there was a 3 month delay in performing the operation while a prosthesis could create a space for the ovary in the arm. The second, Hilders et al, Cancer Vol 101 Issue 12 pp2771-2778 15 December 2004.
[3] The first baby born from frozen ovarian cortex and transplantation was reported by Donnez et al, The Lancet. Vol. 364, Issue 9451, 11 December 2004, pp 2091-2092. The second was reported by Meirow et al, New England Journal of Medicine, 2005 252: 318-321, July 21 2005.
[4] The cryopreservation method involved was directional freezing, using Core Dynamics' new multi-thermal gradient (MGT) technology.
Notes:
1 PDF version of this press release and full embargoed text of the paper with complete results can be found from 09:00hrs London time Wednesday 14 September at: http://www.oxfordjournals.org/eshre/press-release/sept05.pdf or is available now from Margaret Willson.
2 Human Reproduction is a monthly journal of the European Society of Human
Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Dr Helen Beard, Managing Editor.
Tel: +44 (0) 1954 212404
Email: beardh@humanreproduction.co.uk
Please acknowledge Human Reproduction as a source.
3 ESHRE's website is:http://www.eshre.com
4 Abstracts of other papers in ESHRE's three journals: Human Reproduction, Molecular Human Reproduction & Human Reproduction Update can be accessed post embargo from http://www.oxfordjournals.org/eshre Full text of papers available on request from Margaret Willson.
Journal
Human Reproduction