image: In a peaceful tropical stream in Martinica, the ecologist's boot meets with a crawling army of invading snails Tarebia granifera. view more
Credit: Courtesy Facon and David.
A new study from The American Naturalist studies some very fast snails and their success at long-distance colonization. Introduced into the rivers of the Martinique islands less than twelve years ago, the freshwater snails have already colonized the watersheds, an astounding feat considering that the snails need to rely on passive dispersal by birds, cars, and cattle to jump over the dry land that separates the riverways. "Obviously, "says Benoît Facon (University of Lausanne), "little can be done to stop [the snails] from invading all Martinican rivers now."
Landscape fragmentation is a common feature to many invasions, and even apparently continuous terrestrial landscapes, when examined at a certain scale, end up looking heterogeneous and patchy. The classical deterministic diffusion paradigm fails to incorporate this feature and ignores the random nature of long-distance colonization events.
Taking the snails into account, Facon and Patrice David (Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS) have created a new method for studying colonization. This method takes both terrain and random events into account. The real benefit of the method "is that we can use the parameters estimated in real datasets to re-play the invasion by simulation.
Thus, they showed the invasion of Tarebia granifera in Martinique would have been much slower had it started from a more peripheral introduction point; or had the numbers and sizes of rivers been lower. Researchers "can tell how much of the invasion is influenced by chance events," explain the authors.
Adds Facon: "The method itself can be used for any species as soon as one has got a clear description of the landscape, in terms of favorable patches, and a few years of survey. Therefore we are optimistic that this method will prove useful for other invasive species that represent important conservation issues."
Founded in 1867, The American Naturalist is one of the world's most renowned, peer-reviewed publications in ecology, evolution, and population and integrative biology research. AN emphasizes sophisticated methodologies and innovative theoretical syntheses—all in an effort to advance the knowledge of organic evolution and other broad biological principles.
Facon, Benoît and Patrice David, "Metapopulation dynamics and biological invasions: a spatially explicit model applied to a freshwater snail." The American Naturalist: November 2006.