Scientists have known for more than a decade that individuals with a certain gene are at higher risk for developing Alzheimer's disease. Now a new study helps explain why this is so.
The research, led by scientists at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), has uncovered a molecular mechanism that links the susceptibility gene to the process of Alzheimer's disease onset. The findings appear in the April 11 issue of The Journal of Neuroscience and may lead to new pathways for development of Alzheimer's therapeutics.
Approximately 15 percent of the population carries a gene that causes their bodies to produce a lipoprotein—a combination of fat and protein that transports lipids (fats) in the blood—known as apolipoprotein (Apo) E4. Studies have found that those who inherit the E4 gene from one parent are three times more likely than average to develop Alzheimer's, while those who get the gene from both parents have a tenfold risk of developing the disease.
In the new study, OMRF's Jordan J.N. Tang, Ph.D., and his colleagues discovered that ApoE4 (along with other apolipoproteins) attaches itself to a particular receptor on the surface of brain cells. That receptor, in turn, adheres to a protein known as amyloid precursor protein. The brain cells then transport the entire protein mass inside.
Once inside, cutting enzymes—called proteases—attack the amyloid precursor protein. These cuts create protein fragments that, when present in the brain for long periods of time, are believed to cause the cell death, memory loss and neurological dysfunction characteristic of Alzheimer's.
Although researchers have known for more than a decade that ApoE4 was involved—somehow—in development of Alzheimer's, Tang's new study is the first to connect the process of protein fragment formation to ApoE4.
While roughly 1 in 7 people carry the E4 gene, the remainder of the population carry only two variations—known as E2 and E3—of that gene. These individuals have a markedly lower incidence of Alzheimer's than those who carry the E4 gene. The new study found that ApoE4 produced more protein fragments than did E2 or E3.
"ApoE4 apparently interacts better with the receptor than its cousins," said Tang. "This may explain why people who carry the E4 gene have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's."
"These findings may allow us to investigate the possibility of therapeutic intervention at different points in the process," said Tang. For example, he said, such efforts might focus on developing a compound to interfere with the receptor's ability to adhere to ApoE4.
"There currently is no effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease, so we must explore every possible option to find a way to stop it," he said.
"Dr. Tang's study shows a beautiful biochemical connection between a genetic risk factor and the development of a disease," said OMRF President Stephen Prescott, M.D. "This work opens the door to the development of alternate methods for treating—and perhaps even preventing—Alzheimer's."
ApoE4 also has been linked to coronary artery disease. "Ultimately, this work could pave the way for similar study of the pathogenesis of other diseases," said Prescott.
The study was funded by the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association and was done in collaboration with the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
At OMRF, Tang heads OMRF's protein studies research program and holds the J.G. Puterbaugh Chair in Medical Research. His work with proteases has made important contributions to the study of gastric enzymes, HIV and, most recently, Alzheimer's disease.
In 1999, Tang and his colleagues at OMRF identified the protease (known as memapsin 2) believed to be the culprit behind Alzheimer's. After cloning that protease, he led a team of researchers that created an inhibitor to halt the enzyme's cutting action. That work earned Tang the Alzheimer's Association's Pioneer Award, and an experimental drug based on Tang's inhibitor currently is undergoing pre-clinical trials.
Scientific images showing the biochemical processes described in this press release, along with photos of Jordan Tang, are available upon request.
About Alzheimer's
Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder characterized by slow, progressive memory loss due to the gradual death of brain cells. According to the Alzheimer's Association, the disease affects more than 5 million Americans, including nearly half the population over the age of 85.
About OMRF
Chartered in 1946, OMRF (www.omrf.org) is an independent, nonprofit biomedical research institute dedicated to understanding and developing more effective treatments for human disease. Its scientists focus on such critical research areas as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, lupus and cardiovascular disease. Discoveries at OMRF have given birth to a pair of FDA-approved drugs, and it is home to Oklahoma's only member of the National Academy of Sciences.