Electron give-and-take lets molecules shine individually on camera

RICHLAND, Wash. -- A single fluorescent molecule flashing as it gains or loses its electron has made the microscopic spotlight. Watching a whole gaggle of these molecules, they appear to work synchronously; but a new close-up view reveals mavericks that shine when they seemingly shouldn't. The work sets the stage for a better understanding of the underlying principles of certain reactions common to biofuel production.

Scientists at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory zoomed in on single molecules acting as supermodels for a kind of chemical reaction in which electrons get handed off to other players. A combination of two techniques allowed the researchers to load or empty fluorescent dye with electrons, then watch for individual flashes of light as molecules gained and lost their parcels. The researchers hope this method will let them better understand so-called electron transfer reactions.

The study will appear in an upcoming issue of Chemical Communications. In recognition of its quality and potential impact, the journal designated it a "hot paper" and posted it online September 19 at http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/cc/News/B812161C_Ackerman.asp.

Electron transfer reactions are central to processes that capture the sun's energy via photosynthesis or that allow cells to generate the energy needed to sustain life. Engineers and chemists studying renewable energy want to reverse-engineer photosynthesis and similar processes to create hydrogen and other biofuels. These reactions rely on electrons jumping from one molecule to another: passing the electrons along releases their chemical energy so it can be applied to something practical, such as making sugar in plants.

"If we could understand these electron transfer reactions better," said PNNL project lead Eric Ackerman, "then we could better design the proteins that generate energy."

The Little Picture

When studying these reactions, chemists generally look at a whole group of molecules reacting and measure the average energy they give off, much like looking at a whole organization of workers and averaging their productivity. More useful is knowing which of your coworkers are workaholics and which are asleep on the job, and, hopefully, why.

The team combined two well-established techniques to zoom in on electron transfer reactions. In one, called cyclic voltammetry, a molecule fluoresces when zapped with electricity. The PNNL team chose a dye called cresyl violet: at a particular voltage, the dye molecule loses an electron and in the process sends out a flash of white light.

But traditional cyclic voltammetry allows studying such molecules only in big batches. Being able to watch individual molecular reactions would be like being able to see the details in the frames of a film.

To view single molecules, PNNL chemists Chenghong Lei and Dehong Hu combined forces. Lei built an electrochemical cylinder about the size of a brazil nut that held a drop of dye. The team fitted this onto Hu's single-molecule fluorescent microscope at EMSL, DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory on the PNNL campus. This set-up resulted in a new instrument capable of performing both techniques simultaneously.

By rapidly cycling the voltage up and down, the team found that some individual molecules were a bit erratic. Although most of the molecules behaved as expected, some that should have been lit, weren't. And turning off the electricity, all should have blinked out but some kept burning in the absence of a voltage.

"What we want to know is what causes these variations. And can we control these variations in a favorable way with external experimental and environmental conditions?" said Lei.

Better Than Mother Nature

Studying molecules one at a time can provide insights into chemical reactions that can't be observed by studying them en masse. Such insights could help chemists improve upon the design that nature gave them. Their new instrument provides a way to study and control the molecules.

"If we could make a desired molecule consistently work at its maximum rate, that would be a big improvement," said Ackerman.

In addition, the researchers said they plan to use cresyl violet or another fluorescent molecule side-by-side, or even incorporated into proteins of interest, such as those involved in electron transfer reactions that generate biofuels. As the proteins gain or lose electrons, the fluorescent components would lose or gain theirs to reveal what is going on . . . in a flash.

Reference: C. Lei, D. Hu, and E.J. Ackerman, Single-molecule fluoresence spectroelectrochemistry of cresyl violet, Chemical Communications online September 19, 2008, DOI 10.1039/b812161c (http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CC/article.asp?doi=b812161c).

This work was supported by the Department of Energy's Basic Energy Sciences, part of the Office of Science.

EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, is a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research program that is located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. EMSL offers an open, collaborative environment for scientific discovery to researchers around the world. EMSL's technical experts and suite of custom and advanced instruments are unmatched. Its integrated computational and experimental capabilities enable researchers to realize fundamental scientific insights and create new technologies.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is a Department of Energy Office of Science national laboratory where interdisciplinary teams advance science and technology and deliver solutions to America's most intractable problems in energy, national security and the environment. PNNL employs 4,000 staff, has a $855 million annual budget, and has been managed by Ohio-based Battelle since the lab's inception in 1965.

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