Many plants protect themselves from hungry animals by producing toxic chemicals. In turn, animals rely on detecting the presence of these harmful chemicals to avoid consuming dangerous plant material. A paper, published in this week's issue of PLoS Biology, investigates the response of an insect to a common plant weapon – the toxin L-canavanine. The work, from authors at the Institute of Functional Genomic of Montpellier, finds that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster can recognize L-canavanine and identifies the cellular receptor that facilitates this recognition. Surprisingly, the receptor that identifies L-canavanine is not from the gustatory receptor family responsible for all known taste sensation in insects – instead it is a modified glutamate receptor, called DmXR.
When fruit flies were forced to consume L-canavanine they subsequently failed to reproduce – all of the offspring died as larvae – thus showing an evolutionary advantage to evolving a mechanism to sense and avoid consuming the toxin. The work – lead by Yves Grau – demonstrated that the mechanism is based on DmXR. First the authors showed that human cells modified to express DmXR would respond to L-canavanine, whereas unmodified cells did not respond. Next, they demonstrated that fruit flies have the ability to modify their behavior when exposed to L-canavanine: when offered two sugar solutions the flies avoided the one spiked with L-canavanine. Genetically modified Drosophila which had the DmXR receptor disabled showed no such preference, again indicating the key role of the receptor in the tasting of this toxin. By observing Drosophila behaviour, the authors found that the application of L-canavanine to the flies legs (where the taste receptors are) caused them to retract their mouthparts – thereby avoiding consuming the poison.
Understanding sensations in insects is not just of scientific interest – given that many insects are pests and vectors for disease, identifying chemicals that are insect-specific and the pathways that are involved may provide alternatives to insecticide use in the future.
Funding: This work was supported by fellowships from the Ministere de la Recherche and the Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale to CM, a Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) postdoctoral fellowship to LS, by the ANR grant DROSDYN to MLP and by grants from the CNRS and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) to the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle. The small animal imaging core facility (http://ipam.igf.cnrs.fr/) was supported by grants from the National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform (Ireland), Réseau National des Genopoles, Institut Fede ratif de Recherche 3 (IFR3), and Région Languedoc Roussillon. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Citation: Mitri C, Soustelle L, Framery B, Bockaert J, Parmentier M-L, et al. (2009) Plant Insecticide L-Canavanine Repels Drosophila via the Insect Orphan GPCR DmX. PLoS Biol 7(6): e1000147. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000147
PLEASE ADD THE LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000147
PRESS ONLY PREVIEW OF THE ARTICLE: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-07-06-Grau.pdf
PRESS ONLY PREVIEW OF THE RELATED SYNOPSIS ARTICLE: http://www.plos.org/press/plbi-07-06-Grausynopsis.pdf
CONTACT
Yves Grau
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle
141 rue de la cardonille
MONTPELLIER, 34094
France
yves.grau@igf.cnrs.fr
Journal
PLoS Biology