WASHINGTON -- U.S. farmers are under pressure to produce more, pollute less, fulfill consumer preferences, and make a living -- all with increasingly scarce natural resources and the uncertain effects of climate change, says a new report from the National Research Council. To help U.S. agriculture evolve to meet these demands, the report concludes, national agricultural policies and research programs should look beyond focusing only on low costs and high production and adopt a holistic perspective to farming that encompasses multiple end goals.
"Although farming productivity has increased, nowadays farmers are being asked to do more than produce more food for a growing world population," said Julia Kornegay, chair of the committee that wrote the report, and professor and head of the department of horticultural science at North Carolina State University, Raleigh. "Many modern agricultural practices have unintended negative consequences, such as decreased water and air quality, and farmers have to consider these consequences while trying to increase production. If farmers are going to meet future demands, the U.S. agriculture system has to evolve to become sustainable and think broadly -- past the bottom line of producing the most possible."
Farmers in the United States have become more efficient producers. For instance, in 2008 farm output was 158 percent higher than it was in 1948, and farmers today are producing more food with less energy per unit output than 50 years ago. However, U.S. agriculture has external costs that are mostly unaccounted for in productivity measurements, the report says. For example, water tables have declined markedly in some agricultural areas, and pollution from nitrogen and phosphorus in fertilizers and pesticides have infiltrated surface water and rivers, creating oxygen-starved zones in waterways. The agricultural sector also is the largest contributor of two greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide and methane, in the United States.
Additionally, the committee found that farmers face other challenges, such as consumer concerns about the treatment of farm animals and food safety. Farmers' income is also not keeping up with rising production costs, primarily due to the higher prices of external inputs such as seeds, fuel, and synthetic fertilizer. More than half of U.S. farm operators work off the farm to supplement their income and to obtain health care and retirement benefit plans.
To help achieve a sustainable agriculture system that looks beyond the end goal of providing more goods, the committee identified four goals that should be considered simultaneously:
- satisfy human food, fiber, and feed requirements, and contribute to biofuels needs
- enhance environmental quality and the resource base
- maintain the economic viability of agriculture
- improve the quality of life for farmers, farm workers, and society as a whole
The committee emphasized that achieving a balance of the four goals, and creating systems that can adapt to fluctuating conditions, are hallmarks of greater sustainability. Achieving the goals will require long-term research, education, outreach, and experimentation by the public and private sectors in partnership with farmers. Moreover, two parallel and overlapping approaches -- one incremental and one transformative -- could help meet these goals, the committee proposed. The incremental approach would expand ongoing endeavors to create farming practices that improve sustainability, regardless of size or type of farming system. The transformative approach would bring together multiple disciplines of research to identify and design a vision for a balanced agricultural system.
Although the report lays out a framework toward attaining sustainable farming systems, the report stresses that farmers' decisions to employ new practices are influenced by external forces, such as science, markets, public policies, land tenure arrangements, and their own values, knowledge, skills, and resources. The committee said that efforts to promote widespread adoption of different farming practices and systems would require knowing how individual, household, farm, and regional characteristics affect farmers' response to incentives and disincentives.
The report was sponsored by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and W.K. Kellogg Foundation. The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council make up the National Academies. They are independent, nonprofit institutions that provide science, technology, and health policy advice under an 1863 congressional charter. Committee members, who serve pro bono as volunteers, are chosen by the Academies for each study based on their expertise and experience and must satisfy the Academies' conflict-of-interest standards. The resulting consensus reports undergo external peer review before completion. For more information, visit http://national-academies.org/studycommitteprocess.pdf. A committee roster follows.
Copies of TOWARD SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN THE 21ST CENTURY are available from the National Academies Press; tel. 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet at HTTP://WWW.NAP.EDU. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above).
[ This news release and report are available at HTTP://NATIONAL-ACADEMIES.ORG ]
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Division on Earth and Life Studies
Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
Committee on 21st Century Systems Agriculture: An Update of the 1989 NRC Report "Alternative Agriculture"
Julia L. Kornegay (chair)
Professor and Head
Department of Horticultural Science
North Carolina State University
Raleigh
Richard R. Harwood (vice chair)
Chair for Sustainable Agriculture
Michigan State University (retired)
Port Orchard, Wash.
Sandra S. Batie
Elton R. Smith Professor
Department of Agricultural Economics
Michigan State University
East Lansing
Dale Bucks
President
Bucks Natural Resources Management
Elkridge, Md.
Cornelia Butler Flora
Professor and Director
North Central Regional Center for Rural Development
Iowa State University
Ames
James C. Hanson
Extension Economist
University of Maryland
College Park
Douglas Jackson-Smith
Associate Professor and Director
Sociology Graduate Program
Utah State University
Logan
William A. Jury*
Emeritus Distinguished Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
University of California, Riverside
Redlands
Deanne Meyer
Livestock Waste Management Specialist
Department of Animal Science
University of California
Davis
John P. Reganold
Regents Professor
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Washington State University
Pullman
August Schumacher Jr.
Adviser
SJH and Co.
Washington, D.C.
Henning Sehmsdorf
Adjunct Professor and Director
S&S Center for Sustainable Agriculture
Washington State University
Lopez Island
Carol Shennan
Professor and Director
Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems
Department of Environmental Studies
University of California
Santa Cruz
Lori Ann Thrupp
Director of Sustainability
Fetzer Vineyards
Hopland, Calif.
Paul Willis
Manager
Niman Ranch Pork Co.
Thornton, Iowa
STAFF
Evonne P.Y. Tang
Study Director
* Member, National Academy of Sciences