A collaborative team of scientists led by researchers at The Medical College of Wisconsin, in Milwaukee, has used the tools of structural biology to understand how a synthetic chemical mimics abscisic acid (ABA), a key stress hormone that helps plants cope with adverse environmental conditions such as drought. The results are published online in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology in advance of print publication later.
For years scientists have searched for practical ways to use ABA signaling to improve drought tolerance in agriculture. Unfortunately, the synthetic form of ABA used commercially is light sensitive and expensive. The new study builds on the earlier discovery by scientists at University of California, Riverside of pyrabactin, a synthetic chemical that mimics ABA. However, unlike ABA, pyrabactin activates only a few of the 14 ABA receptors in the plant needed for effective drought tolerance.
"By better understanding how pyrabactin works, we can develop new chemicals to enable plants to resist drought. These same chemicals that signal the response to drought may also contribute to increasing crop yields," says Francis Peterson, Ph.D., lead author and assistant professor of biochemistry at the Medical College.
An ABA receptor is a protein that functions as a molecular switch inside the cell. When an ABA molecule inserts into a cavity within the receptor, it sends a signal by changing the protein structure in a way that resembles the closing of a gate. To identify the specific atoms required for gate closure by ABA or pyrabactin, Dr. Peterson used X-ray diffraction to solve the three-dimensional structures of multiple receptor proteins. From the changes in position of only a few atoms, the research team discovered why pyrabactin can close the gate on some receptors but not others.
"These insights suggest new strategies for modifying pyrabactin and related compounds so that they can mimic the signaling process of the naturally occurring ABA. This work has paved the way for manufacturing new molecules that activate or turn on receptors" said Sean Cutler, Ph.D., associate professor of plant cell biology at UC Riverside.
"The current research is an important step on the way to what is likely to be the next big result: an ABA-mimicking chemical that can be applied to corn, soy bean and other crops," explained Dr. Peterson.
In addition to Drs. Peterson and Cutler, research collaborators included Brian Volkman, Ph.D., Davin R. Jensen and Joshua J. Weiner of the Medical College of Wisconsin; as well as Sethe Burgie, Craig A. Bingman and George N. Phillips, Jr. of the University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Sang-Youl Park and Chia-An Chang of UC Riverside.
An NIH grant for structural genomics supported the work in the Volkman lab at the Medical College, and a grant from the National Science Foundation supported Cutler's contribution to the study.
"The project described was supported by the National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health."
Companion paper
Cutler is a coauthor also on a companion paper, titled "Identification and Mechanism of ABA Receptor Antagonism," that appeared online in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.
He joins the following researchers in that study: Karsten Melcher (first author), Yong Xu, Ley-Moy Ng, X. Edward Zhou, Fen-Fen Soon, Kelly M. Suino-Powell, Amanda Kovach, Jun Li and H. Eric Xu of the Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Eu-Leong Yong of the National University of Singapore; and Viswanathan Chinnusamy, Fook S. Tham, and Jian-Kang Zhu of UCR;
Editor's Note: The discovery of pyrabactin by the Cutler lab at UC Riverside was heralded as a breakthrough research of 2009 by Science magazine.
To contact Dr. Cutler, please call Iqbal Pittalwala at 951-827-6050 or 951-827-6397.
Journal
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology