Heart failure is a leading cause of death in Canada. As part of the ongoing IMPACT-CABG clinical trial to treat advanced heart failure, physicians at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre performed the first cardiac stem cell transplant in Ontario last week using stem cells derived from the patient's own bone marrow, isolated completely within the operating room, and implanted into the heart at the time of coronary bypass surgery. Researchers hope that stem cell therapy may be developed into a novel treatment for the 50,000 Canadians diagnosed each year with advanced heart failure.
The first patient to receive this type of stem cell therapy, James Culross, a 67-year-old man from Etobicoke, will be discharged this week after 2.83 million stem cells were injected into seven sites where his heart had been damaged by a heart attack in November 2011. The stem cells were injected following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, by a multi-disciplinary team led by Dr. Terrence Yau, Cardiac Surgeon and Director of the Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy Program at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre. A second patient underwent successful stem cell implantation and CABG surgery at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre this week.
"When a patient suffers a heart attack, part of the heart muscle dies and is replaced by scar. The larger the heart attack, the more likely that patient is to develop heart failure, in which the heart becomes progressively weaker. Patients develop shortness of breath, initially during activity but later at rest as heart failure progresses, and ultimately die of this disease," says Dr. Yau, who holds the Angelo & Lorenza DeGasperis Chair in Cardiovascular Surgery Research.
After a diagnosis of severe heart failure, the average life expectancy is one and a half years for men and three years for women, a prognosis worse than most cancers. Current treatments for heart attacks, including angioplasty, stenting and coronary bypass surgery, have saved many lives and prevented further heart attacks, but they cannot reverse the effect of heart attacks that have already occurred. While researchers hope that stem cell therapy will improve the function of hearts injured by heart attacks, the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy must first be clearly demonstrated in clinical trials such as the IMPACT-CABG Trial.
Using a novel process, unique in Canada, in which stem cells are isolated by means of a rigorously-tested process in the University Health Network's Organ Regeneration Laboratory, located entirely within operating room suite, researchers removed, prepared and injected the stem cells back into the patient on the same day.
"Manipulating the cells in-house preserves cell viability. Injecting the stem cells into the heart as soon as possible after they are isolated from the patient's bone marrow may improve their ability to improve heart function," says Dr. Richard Weisel, Cardiac Surgeon at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Senior Scientist at the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine.
Here's how the process works: 100 millilitres of bone marrow is acquired the morning of the patient's bypass surgery from the iliac crest – the flat portion of the hip bone located near the lower back – which is rich in bone marrow. The bone marrow is then brought to the Organ Regeneration Laboratory, where research technicians use a clinical-grade magnetic separating device called the CliniMACS to separate the CD133 stem cells from other components of the bone marrow. During the stem cell isolation procedure, which takes four to six hours, the patient rests until their surgery, which is scheduled to begin in the early afternoon.
The end result is two millilitres of clear fluid containing several million stem cells that have been rigorously tested to ensure that they pass Health Canada-approved release criteria. The cells are brought in a sterile tube to the operating room where Dr. Yau's coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is underway. After the bypass grafts have been completed, Dr. Yau fills a syringe with the stem cells and injects them into the area of the heart that has been damaged by a heart attack.
"This intraoperative approach to cardiac stem cell therapy is an important component of the new Organ Regeneration Laboratory at the University Health Network," says Dr. Shaf Keshavjee, Surgeon-in-Chief at UHN. "Whether it is repairing hearts or lungs, the Organ Regeneration Laboratory is at the leading edge of regenerative medicine."
To date, over 500 heart patients worldwide have been treated with a variety of stem cell preparations. Eight patients have been treated at the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital in Montreal as part of the IMPACT-CABG Clinical Trial. Toronto and Montreal researchers will merge their results after each centre performs stem cell transplants in 20 patients. The objective of the IMPACT-CABG Trial is to demonstrate the safety of injecting stem cells into the hearts of patients undergoing CABG surgery, and to gather information on the feasibility and efficacy of this approach.
"This clinical trial marks an important milestone in regenerative medicine therapy at the University Health Network and paves the way for collaborative studies between scientists at the McEwen Centre and Dr. Yau and the team at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre," says Dr. Gordon Keller, Director of the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine.
Dr. Barry Rubin, Medical Director of the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, commented, "The Peter Munk Cardiac Centre is leading innovation into new treatments for cardiovascular diseases. We are very pleased to partner with scientists in the McEwen Centre and to work together to provide novel stem cell therapies for our patients."
About The Peter Munk Cardiac Centre
The Peter Munk Cardiac Centre is the premier cardiac centre in Canada. Since it opened in 1997, the Centre has saved and improved the lives of cardiac and vascular patients from around the world. Each year, approximately 17,000 patients receive innovative and compassionate care from multidisciplinary teams in the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, and the Centre trains more cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons and vascular surgeons than any hospital in Canada. The Centre is based at the Toronto General Hospital and the Toronto Western Hospital - members of University Health Network, which also includes Princess Margaret Hospital. All three sites are research hospitals affiliated with the University of Toronto. For more information please visit www.petermunkcardiaccentre.ca
About the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine
The McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine is a world-leading centre for stem cell research and regenerative medicine, established in 2003 with a generous donation from Rob and Cheryl McEwen. Our mission is to be a catalyst for regenerative medicine by facilitating collaboration and promoting research and awareness in the field. The McEwen Centre's ultimate goal is to accelerate the development of better and more effective treatments and cures for life-threatening conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, respiratory disease, arthritis, diseases of the blood, neurological diseases and spinal cord injury. The McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine is fully affiliated with University Health Network. www.mcewencentre.com/home/