Pioneering X-ray technology is making it possible to read fragile rolled-up historical documents for the first time in centuries.
Old parchment is often extremely dry and liable to crack and crumble if any attempt is made to physically unroll or unfold it. The new technology, however, eliminates the need to do so by enabling parchment to be unrolled or unfolded 'virtually' and the contents displayed on a computer screen.
Developed at Cardiff University and Queen Mary, University of London with funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the breakthrough means historians will be able to access previously unusable written sources and gain new insight into the past.
No other technique developed anywhere in the world has the capability to make text concealed in rolled or folded historical parchments genuinely legible. The system has now been tested successfully on a medieval legal scroll provided by the Norfolk Record Office.
In a completely innovative approach to the problem, the technique works by scanning parchment with X-rays in order to detect the presence of iron contained in 'iron gall ink' – the most commonly used ink in Europe between the 12th and 19th centuries.
Using a method called microtomography, a 3-dimensional 'map' showing the ink's exact location is built up by creating images made from a series of X-ray 'slices' taken through the parchment.
Advanced software specially developed by the Cardiff project team combines the data obtained with information about the way the parchment is rolled or folded up and calculates exactly where the ink sits on the parchment. An image of the document as it would appear unrolled or unfolded can then be produced.
The key difference between the new method and other techniques previously developed to read un-openable historical documents is the unprecedentedly high contrast resolution it provides to distinguish between ink and parchment. This means the ink shows up very well against the parchment and is genuinely readable.
The scanning takes place at the Institute of Dentistry at Queen Mary, University of London led by Dr Graham Davis: "Because no commercial or research X-ray tomography scanners were capable of providing the quality of image we needed, we've developed our own advanced scanner which is also being adapted for a diverse range of other scientific uses, including those within our own Institute of Dentistry where enhanced, high contrast images are enabling the detection and analysis of features in teeth that we haven't been able to see before."
Professor Tim Wess of Cardiff University says: "This is a milestone in historical information recovery. The conservation community is rightly very protective of old documents and isn't prepared to risk damaging them by opening them. Our breakthrough means they won't have to. Across the world, literally thousands of previously unusable documents up to around a thousand years old could now become available for historical research. It really will be possible to read the unreadable."
You can find out more about the research in an audio slide show on the EPSRC YouTube channel. (NB the full link address is http://www.youtube.com/user/EPSRCvideo?feature=mhum). The title of the audio slide show is 'Reading the Unreadable'.
Notes for Editors
The four year project 'High Definition X-ray Microtomography and Advanced Visualisation Techniques for Information Recovery from Unopenable Historical Documents' is receiving total EPSRC funding of just under £1.3 million.
Iron gall ink was typically produced by adding a source of iron (e.g. nails) to gallotannic acid extracted from oak apples (also known as 'oak galls'), for more information visit apocalypto.org.uk.
The scroll is mounted into the X-ray scanner either in a specially designed holder made of paper or polycarbonate sheet, or in X-ray transparent polyurethane nitrogen-filled foam which is shaped to fit and support the object.
Professor Tim Wess has recently taken up the position of Executive Dean of the Faculty of Science at Charles Sturt University (CSU) in Australia.
EPSRC is the main UK government agency for funding research and training in engineering and the physical sciences, investing more than £800 million a year in a broad range of subjects – from mathematics to materials science, and from information technology to structural engineering. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk
For more information on Queen Mary, University of London visit: http://www.qmul.ac.uk/
For more information on Cardiff University visit: http://cardiff.ac.uk/
For more information contact:
Dr Graham Davis, Queen Mary, University of London, tel: 020 7882 5967, e-mail: g.r.davis@qmul.ac.uk
Images are available from the EPSRC Press Office, contact:
e-mail: pressoffice@epsrc.ac.uk , tel: 01793 444404
Image captions:
- Scroll 1 and 2 .jpg: A fragile rolled up scroll ready for examination
- Scroll 1 and 2 .jpgs: A fragile rolled up scroll ready for examination
- Sample1, 2 and 3.jpgs: The technique works by scanning parchment with X-rays
- GrahamDavis.jpg: Dr Graham Davis using the technique to examine a sample of parchment
- Prof Wess.jpg: Professor Tim Wess