image: The Alien Forest Pest Explorer is a web tool that gives users a county-by-county look at geographical distributions of damaging forest invasive pests throughout the nation. view more
Credit: US Forest Service image
MORGANTOWN, W.Va., July 16, 2013 – Beginning with early colonists who landed in the New World loaded with dreams, grit and perhaps the continent's first alien forest pests, and continuing today with the expansion of global trade, the northeastern United States has been ground zero for damaging non-native forest pest invasions.
In a study recently published on-line in the journal Diversity and Distributions, U.S. Forest Service researchers Andrew Liebhold, Laura Blackburn, Susan Frankel and partners used spatial data to demonstrate that the distribution of invasive forest pests is highly focused, with a particularly large number of species established in the northeastern region and then moderate but still troublesome numbers radiating to the west and south. The study, "A highly aggregated geographical distribution of forest pest invasions in the USA," is available at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/43853
As the landing place for early American colonists, and continuing with the industrialization and proliferation of cargo imports, the Northeast has been receiving invasive forest insects far longer than anywhere else in the nation. The earliest record associated with the 79 invasive forest pests used in the analysis dates back to 1794, and 19 species were detected before 1900. Seventy-five percent of the invasive forest pests included in the study were detected before 1940.
In terms of invasive forest insects, tree species diversity works against Northeastern forests.
"The Northeast has an abundance of diverse hardwood tree species, and 65 percent of the insect and pathogen invaders included in this study colonize hardwood tree species," said Liebhold, a research entomologist with the U.S. Forest Service's Northern Research Station. "Had these non-native insects disembarked in a forest that is predominately pine for example, most wouldn't have survived to become the damaging non-native forest pests that they are today."
Establishment of both European and Asian forest insects and pathogens in North America has likely been facilitated by the similarity of the flora among these three continents, the study suggests.
Industrialization and forest susceptibility to invasion also contributed to alien pests' ability to spread. In the most populated corner of the United States, inadvertent human assistance has greatly enhanced insects' ability to spread from the initial point of invasion throughout a region.
While the study illustrates a concentration of alien forest pests in the Northeast, it also shows that forest pests are taking a toll throughout the nation. "There are plenty of highly-damaging invasive species in Western United States forests, such as sudden oak death and white pine blister rust," according to Frankel, a plant pathologist with the Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Research Station. "This study shows that when non-native pests are introduced, it is just a matter of time until they spread. With shipping patterns shifting to Western ports, we are concerned that the West will catch up over the next century."
The study is based on data from the Alien Forest Pest Explorer, a web tool that gives users a county-by-county look at geographical distributions of damaging forest invasive pests throughout the nation. Created by Forest Service scientists, the Alien Forest Pest Explorer is a collaboration between the Northern Research Station and the Forest Service's Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team and is available at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/tools/afpe/
"Forest Service science touches almost everyone, every day," according to Michael T. Rains, Director of the Forest Service's Northern Research Station. "The Alien Forest Pest Explorer is an example of the innovative tools Forest Service scientists are developing to give everyone from homeowners to land managers information that leads to better decisions and more sustainable forests."
The recently released revised version of the Alien Forest Pest Explorer was created with ArcGIS API for Flex and works across all browsers using a Flash plugin and leverages Adobe's web design tools. The Alien Forest Pest Explorer was created as a component of FHTET's "Pest Portal:" http://foresthealth.fs.usda.gov/portal.
Co-authors on the study include Deborah G. McCullough of Michigan State University, Betsy Von Holle of the University of Central Florida and Juliann E. Aukema of the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis. Funding for the study was provided by The Nature Conservancy and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, which is funded by the National Science Foundation, the University of California, Santa Barbara and the State of California.
The mission of the U.S. Forest Service is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation's forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. The agency has either a direct or indirect role in stewardship of about 80 percent of our nation's forests; 850 million acres including 100 million acres of urban forests where most Americans live. The mission of the Forest Service's Northern Research Station is to improve people's lives and help sustain the natural resources in the Northeast and Midwest through leading-edge science and effective information delivery.
Journal
Diversity and Distributions