Genome sequencing has identified several infection transmission chains of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in humans. The study published in the Lancet, which produced the largest number of MERS-CoV genomes described to date, provides evidence that MERS-CoV transmission patterns are more complicated than previously considered.
Globally, 111 people have been diagnosed with MERS-CoV since 2012, including 52 deaths. Researchers from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Edinburgh University and University College London are working with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Health to sequence the virus to discover how it is spreading. This knowledge will help researchers develop interventions and infection-control measures.
Sanger Institute researchers sequenced and analysed the genomes of MERS-CoV samples taken from 21 patients across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The researchers combined the geographic locations of the people with the time they were infected and the amount of genetic differences seen between the virus genomes. This work gave a higher resolution picture of how the virus has spread and how its genome has changed over time.
"We deep-sequenced the genomes of MERS-CoV taken from 21 infected people to calculate accurately the rate of evolution of the virus," said Dr Matthew Cotten, from the Sanger Institute and the study's first author. "Using this evolution rate, we could define genetically plausible transmission pairs. However, of the 13 transmission events that were predicted from the epidemiology, the genetic evidence we gathered could only support eight."
The findings suggest that human-to-human transmission is more complicated than expected, and indicates that additional sources of the virus, either human or animal, are involved. One possibility is that there may be undetected (and possibly asymptomatic) people who could be carrying and spreading the virus.
"The genome differences we discovered in some infected people were too great to be explained by replication errors occurring in the virus as it is passed from human to human during a single chain of infection," explained Professor Paul Kellam, senior author from the Sanger Institute. "Instead our findings suggest that different lineages of the virus have originated from the virus jumping across to humans from an animal source a number of times."
As yet no animal with MERS-CoV has been identified in the Middle East or elsewhere and studies based on small sequence fragments suggest that a common ancestor of the virus may have existed in bats many years ago. Field studies of all the likely reservoir species, including camels, bats, goats, sheep, dogs, cats, rodents and others in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and other middle-eastern countries are on-going.
"Further MERS-CoV genomic studies need to be carried out in conjunction with investigations into the recent exposures and activities of infected people," said corresponding author Professor Ziad Memish, Deputy Minister of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. "The animal source of MERS-CoV and the way that it is transmitted to humans is not yet known. This information is critical for developing interventions for reducing the risk of transmission, defining the epidemiology and developing effective control measures."
"Two mass gatherings events attracting over 8 million pilgrims have occurred in Mecca, Saudi Arabia since the discovery of MERS-CoV 12 months ago - the annual Hajj in October 2012, and the recent July 2013 Ramadaan Umrah season - and yet no MERS-CoV cases have been reported from these events to date," says senior Professor Zumla, senior co-author from University College London. "In lieu of our study's genomic findings, watchful surveillance and vigilance is required despite the current minimal risk of global spread."
Notes to Editors
Publication Details
Cotten M, Watson SJ, Kellam P et al. (2013) 'Transmission and Evolution of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Saudi Arabia – a descriptive genome study'
Advanced online publication in The Lancet 20 September 2013. Doi: PIIS0140-6736(13)61887-5
Funding
The support of all staff at the KSA Ministry of Health and the Jeddah regional laboratory is gratefully acknowledged. The sequencing work was supported by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the European Community's Seven Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the project EMPERIE, European Community grant agreement number 223498 and under the project PREDEMICS, grant agreement number 278433. Professor Zumla (A.Z) acknowledges support from the National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, the EDCTP and the EC-FW7.
Participating Centres
A full list of participating centres is available from the paper
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End of Notes to Editors
Journal
The Lancet