image: This is the figure title:
Several candidates:
-Mouse modeling schizophrenia show abnormal activity in hippocampal place cells.
-Hippocampal place cells show abnormal activity in mice modeling schizophrenia.
-Abnormal activity in hippocampal place cells in mice modeling schizophrenia.
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Left figure:
In normal mice, hippocampal neurons, known as place cells, become activated in a specific location within the maze. For example, cell #1 is activated when the mouse is near the start point of the maze. In this figure, the yellow dot indicates that cell #1 showed activity when the mouse is at that place.
Upper right figure:
In normal mice, during rest periods, hippocampal place cells became reactivated in the same order as in the maze-performing period (ex. Cell①-②-③-④-⑤). However, in mice modeling schizophrenia, all place cells were reactivated almost simultaneously at abnormally high level.
Lower right figure:
The graph shows the relationship between the distance and the difference in activity timing between given pairs of place cells. In normal mice (left, CT), the further apart in distance the pairs of place cells are the greater the difference of activation timing between these cells is. However, in mice modeling schizophrenia (right, KO), the difference of activation timing is around zero independent of the distance of given pairs of place cells, that is they are activated almost simultaneously.
Credit: RIKEN
Working with mice genetically engineered to display symptoms of schizophrenia, neuroscientists at the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at MIT have uncovered a faulty brain mechanism that may underlie schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders in humans.
The study, to appear in the Oct. 16 issue of Neuron, is the first to tie a specific brain network abnormality to schizophrenia, whose symptoms range from disorganized thinking, hallucinations and paranoia to an inability to plan for the future.
"Our study provides new insight into what underlies schizophrenia's disordered thinking and zeroes in on a new target for future investigation into the neural basis of a cognitive disorder that affects more than 1 percent of the world's population," said Susumu Tonegawa, director of the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics and senior author of the study.
Animal studies typically assess the neural mechanisms of the disease's cognitive and behavioral symptoms through a combination of genetic and pharmacological treatments and behavioral testing. However, the complex nature of disorganized thoughts has made these studies challenging.
Human patients with cognitive disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia show abnormal neural activity in what's known as the default mode network (DMN)--a network that includes the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, the brain structure believed to process memories. Because the DMN is involved in recall and future planning actions, understanding how it processes information and interacts with other brain areas could explain what goes awry in brain disorders.
A crucial communication window
RIKEN-MIT neuroscientists have created a genetically modified mouse with a gene mutation that some schizophrenia patients also harbor—the absence of the normal gene for an enzyme called calcineurin, which plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity for learning and memory. The mice exhibit behavioral and cognitive abnormalities associated with schizophrenia.
After normal mice run a maze, their brains enter a resting state and start processing information related to the task they just performed, even reliving the route as if replaying a mental video. This kind of information processing plays a critical role in normal brain function, possibly as a window for communication between the neocortex, where long-term memory is stored, and the hippocampus. But in mice modeling schizophrenia, electrical activity in the hippocampus, one of the main components of DMN, surges when it should be idling.
"Our study demonstrated an increase in neural activity in the hippocampus during awake resting periods," said study co-author Junghyup Suh. "More important, we demonstrated--for the first time--disrupted information processing in single cells as well as neural circuits."
When rodents run a maze, neurons within the hippocampus exhibit location-specific responses known as place fields. In normal animals, these location-specific responses are replayed in a series during rest periods following the task performance. However, the genetically altered mice did not reactivate place cells in an ordered manner after the task; they reactivated all these cells at an abnormally high level and almost simultaneously.
"Our study provides a novel way to look into the actions of current drugs and treatments and may lead to new insights for improved treatment of psychiatric disorders," Suh said.
This work was supported by RIKEN Brain Science Institute and the National Institutes of Health.
This press release was written by Debbie Halber.
For more information, please contact:
Juliette Savin
RIKEN
Tel: +81-(0)48-462-1225
Mobile phone: +81-(0)808-895-2136
Email: pr@riken.jp
Reference
Junghyup Suh, David J. Foster, Heydar Davoudi, Matthew A. Wilson and Susumu Tonegawa
"Impaired hippocampal ripple-associated replay in a mouse model of schizophrenia" Neuron, 2013
About RIKEN
RIKEN is Japan's largest research institute for basic and applied research. Over 2500 papers by RIKEN researchers are published every year in leading scientific and technology journals covering a broad spectrum of disciplines including physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and medical science. RIKEN's research environment and strong emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration and globalization has earned a worldwide reputation for scientific excellence.
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About the RIKEN Brain Science Institute
The RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI) performs cutting-edge neuroscience research in the service of society and has earned an international reputation as an innovative center for research and training. Researchers at BSI seek to understand brain functions from molecules to neural circuits to cognition, using methods drawn from a wide range of disciplines. BSI is also leading efforts to provide career development for researchers in Japan and around the world.
Website: http://www.brain.riken.jp/en/
Journal
Neuron