The resting pulse rate of UK pre-teens may have risen by up to two beats a minute during the past 30 years. But the rise does not seem to be linked to the overall weight gain seen in this age group during this period, reveals research published online in the Archives of Disease in Childhood.
While this rise may seem modest, resting pulse rate is a proxy for general physical fitness and cardiovascular health, say the authors. And it could translate into higher risks of diabetes and heart disease in later life, they warn.
They base their findings on serial resting pulse rate measurements of almost 23,000 UK children between the ages of 9 and 11, who were part of five studies/surveys between 1980 and 2008.
These included The 1970 British birth cohort; The Brompton cohort; The Two Towns Study; The Ten Towns Study; and the annual Health Survey for England (1995-8, 2002, 2006-8).
Overall, average pulse rate was higher in girls at 82.2 beats per minute (bpm) than in boys (78.7 bpm).
But the pulse rate rose consistently over the 30 year period for both sexes by an average of 0.04 bpm every year. And the rise was steeper among boys (0.07 bpm), particularly after the mid-1990s, than among girls (0.03 bpm), equating to an increase of 2 bpm among boys and 1 bpm among girls.
During the 30 year tracking period, the average weight of this age group rose, and pulse rate is associated with body mass index (BMI). But the rapid increase in BMI did not fully explain the increased resting pulse rate, possibly because BMI is not a very sensitive measure of lean and fat body mass, say the authors.
A fall in the amount of physical activity among this age group and an increase in sedentary behaviour, may have contributed to the rise, suggest the authors, as both of these are associated with poorer physical fitness.
While more research is needed to better explain the findings, say the authors, the trends could have important public health repercussions, they warn.
"Although modest, it is important to monitor these trends, especially in boys, as they appear to have increased at a faster rate in recent years," they write.
"If an increase of 2 bpm in mean resting pulse rate in boys persists to the adult population, this could result in a 4% increase in coronary heart disease mortality among healthy men and a 2% increase in risk of developing diabetes among the over 65s," they estimate.
[Trends in resting pulse rates in 9-11 year old children in the UK 1980-2008 Online First doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304699]
Journal
Archives of Disease in Childhood