image: This image shows microlesions (indicated by circles) in the heart of a mouse 30 hours after induction of invasive pneumococcal disease. view more
Credit: Orihuela et al.
Bacterial pneumonia in adults carries an elevated risk for adverse cardiac events (such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and heart attacks) that contribute substantially to mortality—but how the heart is compromised has been unclear. A study published on September 18th in PLOS Pathogens now demonstrates that Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacterium responsible for most cases of bacterial pneumonia, can invade the heart and cause the death of heart muscle cells.
Carlos Orihuela, from the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, USA, and colleagues initially studied the reasons for heart failure during invasive pneumococcal disease (when S. pneumoniae bacteria infect major organs such as the lungs, bloodstream, and brain) in mice, and subsequently confirmed some of their main findings in rhesus macaques and in heart tissue from deceased human patients.
Mice with severe invasive pneumococcal disease showed elevated levels of troponin, a marker for heart injury, in their blood. They also had abnormal EKGs. When the researchers examined the hearts of the mice, they found microscopic sites of injury (called microlesions) in the heart muscle. S. pneumoniae were found within these microlesions, indicating the bacteria were able to invade and multiply within the heart. Looking in more detail, the researchers identified dying heart muscle cells in the tissue surrounding microlesions.
At the molecular level, the researchers found that the S. pneumoniae toxin pneumolysin was present within the microlesions and responsible for heart muscle cell death. They also showed that S. pneumoniae requires a molecule called CbpA to exit the bloodstream and invade the heart. Moreover, an experimental vaccine formulation composed of CbpA and a non-toxic version of pneumolysin generated antibodies that protected mice against cardiac invasion and heart damage.
Having obtained tissues from three rhesus macaques that had died from pneumococcal pneumonia, the researchers found cardiac microlesions that were similar in size and appearance to those seen in mice, but without the presence of S. pneumoniae bacteria. The situation was similar in cardiac samples from human patients who had died from invasive pneumococcal disease. Two of the samples (they looked at a total of nine) showed microlesions, but the lesions did not contain bacteria.
As the macaques and the human patients had been treated with antibiotics, the researchers wondered whether the bacteria had caused the lesions but subsequently been killed by the treatment. To test this, they infected mice with S. pneumoniae and treated them with a high-dose antibiotic (ampicillin) when the lesions were first apparent. The hearts of these mice looked similar to the macaques and human samples, with clear presence of microlesions but devoid of bacteria. As the researchers discuss, ampicillin acts by breaking bacteria apart and releasing their contents, including pneumolysin, and this could exacerbate the death of heart muscle cells. Alternative antibiotics that do not spill their bacterial targets' contents exist and might be advantageous.
Having shown for the first time that S. pneumoniae can directly damage the heart—which could help explain the link between pneumonia and adverse heart events—the researchers conclude that "research is merited to determine the true frequency of cardiac microlesions in patients hospitalized with invasive pneumococcal disease, if modifications in antibiotic therapy improve long-term outcomes, and if prevention of cardiac damage is an indication for vaccination".
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Contact:
Carlos Orihuela
e-mail: orihuela@uthscsa.edu
phone: +1-210-562-4192
Authors and Affiliations:
Armand O. Brown, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
Beth Mann, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
Geli Gao, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
Jane S. Hankins, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
Jessica Humann, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
Jonathan Giardina, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
Paola Faverio, University of Milan Bicocca and San Gerardo Hospital, Italy
Marcos I. Restrepo, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
Ganesh V. Halade, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Eric M. Mortensen, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
Merry L. Lindsey, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
Martha Hanes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
Kyle I. Happel, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA
Steve Nelson, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA
Gregory J. Bagby, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA
Jose A. Lorent, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Spain
Pablo Cardinal, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Spain
Rosario Granados, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Spain
Andres Esteban, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Spain
Claude J. LeSaux, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
Elaine I. Tuomanen, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
Carlos J. Orihuela, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
Funding: This study was supported by grants from the American Heart Association IRG14560023 and National Institute of Health (NIH) HL108054 to CJO. Support was also obtained from NIH AI27913 and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities to EIT, NIH 268201000036C (N01-HV-00244) for the San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and HL075360 and the Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service of the Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development Award 5I01BX000505 to MLL, NIH AT006704 to GVH, NIH AA009803 to SN, NIH HL096054 to MIR, and RR00164 for the Tulane National Primate Research Center. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: AOB, BM, EIT, and CJO are listed as inventors on patents regarding the use of the synthetic pneumococcal vaccine YLN to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease and cardiac damage. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS policies on sharing data and materials.
Citation: Brown AO, Mann B, Gao G, Hankins JS, Humann J, et al. (2014) Streptococcus pneumoniae Translocates into the Myocardium and Forms Unique Microlesions That Disrupt Cardiac Function. PLoS Pathog 10(9): e1004383. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004383
Journal
PLoS Pathogens