image: This is a subject prepared for imaging. White foundation and black speckle makeup are applied to each patient. The speckles are then tracked by the digital camera, and their displacement is measured to determine wrinkle reduction. view more
Credit: Penn Medicine
PHILADELPHIA - A three-dimensional imaging technique often used in the automotive and aerospace industries for accurate measurement may be useful to measure the efficacy of injectable wrinkle reducers such as Botox and Dysport, according to new research from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. The procedure, called three-dimensional speckle tracking photogrammetry, is described in the May issue of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Authors say it has the potential to measure the efficacy of several treatments for which these types of injections are used, not only for cosmetic purposes but also to reduce facial paralysis arising from stroke and Bell's palsy.
Photogrammetry is the use of photography to measure distances between objects. Using the new technique, researchers can measure dynamic facial wrinkles and their subsequent reduction following injection. Results are presented as a color-coded heat map. By comparing before- and after-treatment heat maps of patients, physicians can objectively evaluate wrinkle reduction and such other variables such as optimal dosage for obtaining maximum aesthetic benefit.
"There is a growing body of evidence that injectable fillers for both cosmetic and reconstructive purposes can have significant psychological benefits," said senior author Ivona Percec, MD, PhD, director of Basic Science Research and associate director of Cosmetic Surgery in the division of Plastic Surgery at Penn. "With more people turning to this procedure, it is important to have evidence-based ways of improving cosmetic and reconstructive surgical results." Current attempts at measuring wrinkle reduction mostly rely on static photographs and subjective visual assessments.
Injectable fillers reduce or eliminate wrinkles by relaxing the muscles responsible for their development. After treatment, the muscles gradually become less active, allowing the overlying skin to appear smoother.
In the new study, the Penn team evaluated fourteen subjects using a dual camera system and three-dimensional optical analysis. White foundation and black speckle makeup were randomly applied to each patient before and two weeks after injection of 20 units of filler in the area between the eyebrows. Movement of the speckles was tracked by the digital camera for analysis. Wrinkles in treated areas were analyzed, resulting in before- and after-treatment heat maps. In the pre-treatment heat map light blue represented wrinkles. Two weeks after treatment, the light blue had been largely replaced with light green and yellow. These new colors were representative of decreased skin compression or wrinkling.
In addition to color changes that signal improvement, the system allows precise measurement of wrinkle reduction. In the study, horizontal compression or wrinkling in the treated area decreased from 9.11 percent to 2.60 percent and from 4.83 percent to 0.83 percent in the forehead following injection. Average vertical stretch (another form of wrinkling) of the area during brow furrowing decreased from 2.51 percent to 1.15 percent, and average vertical stretch in the forehead decreased from 6.73 percent to 1.67 percent.
Application of the technique raises the possibility of objectively answering several open questions in cosmetic medicine. For example, in the United States there are currently two other approved formulations for reducing wrinkles. Objective evidence of which formulation provided maximum wrinkle reduction could guide physician and consumer choice in individual cases.
Controversy also exists regarding preparation, dilution, and dosing efficacy of a given toxin, as well as how soon to expect results and how long the results last. Previous investigations of questions such as these largely used static photography with subjective, although validated, scoring scales; these scoring methods could be replaced by three-dimensional speckle tracking photogrammetry. In addition, different dose efficacy in various populations (such as male versus female patients from various age groups) could be determined.
"As new therapies and expanded applications become available for antiaging and the treatment of neuromuscular disorders, this method may make it possible to quantify clinical efficacy and establish precise therapeutic regimens," Percec said. "Though future studies will need to explore the use of digital image correlation in larger groups, our results are the first to show the modality can be applied to study a range of challenges in plastic surgery."
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Other Penn co-authors are Anthony J. Wilson, MD; Bianca C. Chin, MD; Vivian M. Hsu, MD; and Michael N. Mirzabeigi, MD.
Penn Medicine is one of the world's leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation's first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $4.9 billion enterprise.
The Perelman School of Medicine has been ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States for the past 17 years, according to U.S. News & World Report's survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation's top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $409 million awarded in the 2014 fiscal year.
The University of Pennsylvania Health System's patient care facilities include: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania -- recognized as one of the nation's top "Honor Roll" hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Penn Presbyterian Medical Center; Chester County Hospital; Penn Wissahickon Hospice; and Pennsylvania Hospital -- the nation's first hospital, founded in 1751. Additional affiliated inpatient care facilities and services throughout the Philadelphia region include Chestnut Hill Hospital and Good Shepherd Penn Partners, a partnership between Good Shepherd Rehabilitation Network and Penn Medicine.
Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2014, Penn Medicine provided $771 million to benefit our community.
Journal
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery