When metastatic tumors driven by drug-targetable genetic mutations become resistant to a targeted therapy drug, the usual practice is to biopsy a single metastatic lesion to test for new mutations that can guide the selection of next-line therapies. Investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center and the University of Torino in Italy have found that this strategy may miss additional targetable mutations that arise in different metastases. In the February issue of Cancer Discovery, the researchers report that analyzing tumor DNA fragments in the bloodstream may give a more complete picture of the molecular basis of a patient's cancer.
"We found that the molecular mechanism of resistance that emerges in one metastatic lesion while on a given therapy can be totally different from the mechanism driving resistance in a neighboring lesion in the same patient," says Ryan Corcoran, MD, PhD, translational research director for the Center for Gastrointestinal Cancers at the MGH Cancer Center, co-corresponding author of the report. "Our conclusion is that the standard practice of performing molecular testing on a biopsy from a single metastatic lesion may be inadequate and that circulating tumor DNA testing may better capture the molecular diversity in a patient's tumor, enhancing our ability to select effective therapies to overcome resistance."
The authors report the case of a patient with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver, who responded to an EGFR antibody drug - cetuximab (Erbitux) - for 15 months. When the patient's disease became resistant to therapy, a biopsy of a single liver metastasis was performed to analyze for new, resistance-conferring mutations. The specimen was found to have an MEK1 mutation that had not been present before cetuximab treatment, and the authors demonstrated that MEK1 mutation could drive resistance to EGFR antibodies in laboratory models of colorectal cancer. Based on those findings, the patient was treated with a combination of the MEK inhibitor trametinib (Mekinist) and another EGFR antibody panitumumab (Vectibix) - a combination that had been effective in a cellular model of cetuximab-resistant tumor cells with the same mutation.
While the patient initially appeared to respond to combination therapy, an abdominal CT scan three months later revealed that, while the MEK1-mutated liver lesion was smaller, additional metastatic lesions had continued growing. Blood samples had been taken from the patient before and during the combination therapy, and analysis of circulating tumor DNA by a team led by co-corresponding author Alberto Bardelli, PhD, of the University of Torino Department of Oncology revealed that, in addition to the MEK1 mutation, a previously undetected KRAS mutation was also present in blood samples taken at the start of treatment. During combination therapy, levels of the MEK1 mutation detectable in blood declined, but levels of the KRAS mutation rose dramatically.
While that KRAS mutation was found nowhere in the MEK1-mutated lesion, it was detected in one of the lesions that continued progressing during combination therapy, implying that separate resistance mutations had developed and were driving the growth of different metastases. Noting the ability of circulating tumor DNA analysis to identify both resistance mutations, the authors emphasize that such "liquid biopsies," which can be repeated frequently and with little inconvenience to the patient, may be better for treatment monitoring than biopsies of single lesions.
"Overall, our study shows how distinct resistance mechanisms evolving in different metastases in the same patient can drive differential responses to subsequent therapy between individual tumor metastases," says Corcoran, who is an assistant professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. "These results highlight the possible pitfalls of selecting therapy based on molecular testing of a single tumor biopsy when resistance develops, but they also illustrate the potential promise of integrating liquid biopsy into clinical decision making in oncology."
He adds, "There has been dramatic progress in our ability to analyze circulating tumor DNA in recent years, and the technology continues to evolve. But while some assays are currently available for clinical use, we are not at a point where these liquid biopsies can replace tumor biopsies entirely. We need to learn how best to exploit the potential of liquid biopsies to provide real-time monitoring of a patient's tumor as it develops resistance to therapy, allowing us to anticipate both the timing and the cause of resistance and modify treatment accordingly."
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Co-lead authors of the Cancer Discovery paper are Mariangela Russo and Giulia Siravegna of the University of Torino, and Lawrence S. Blaszkowsky, MD, MGH Cancer Center. John Iafrate, MD, PhD, MGH Molecular Pathology was also a key contributor to the study. Grants to the MGH Cancer Center that supported this study include National Cancer Institute SPORE Program grant P50 CA127003 and grant 1K08CA166510, and a Damon Runyon Foundation Clinical Investigator Award.
Massachusetts General Hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, with an annual research budget of more than $800 million and major research centers in AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine. In July 2015, MGH returned into the number one spot on the 2015-16 U.S. News & World Report list of "America's Best Hospitals."
Journal
Cancer Discovery