A large randomized controlled trial of ischemic postconditioning in patients who had experienced the deadliest form of heart attack--ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)--failed to show that this procedure significantly reduces death from any cause or hospitalization for heart failure, according to research presented at the American College of Cardiology's 65th Annual Scientific Session.
STEMI is a severe form of heart attack caused by prolonged blockage of blood supply in the heart. It requires immediate angioplasty, a non-surgical procedure in which a balloon is fed into the blood vessels through a catheter and inflated to open narrowed or blocked arteries, allowing blood to flow. A stent is often placed at the blockage site to keep the artery open. In the United States, about 250,000 people experience a STEMI every year.
Ischemic postconditioning is a variation on angioplasty that involves using 30-second bursts of blood flow interspersed with 30-second pauses to restore blood flow to the heart.
"Abrupt reperfusion by angioplasty may itself damage the heart muscle," said Thomas Engstrøm, M.D., Ph.D., of Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and lead author of the study. "The thinking was that performing the reperfusion in a gentle, graded fashion would protect the heart against reperfusion injury."
Studies suggest that up to 35 percent of patients may experience reperfusion injury during angioplasty, he said.
Earlier studies in STEMI patients showed that ischemic postconditioning improved ST-segment resolution--an important marker of arterial blockage on electrocardiogram--reduced damage to heart muscle, and in some patients limited the extent of reperfusion injury. It was unclear, however, whether these improvements ultimately reduced hospitalizations or improved patient survival.
The DANAMI-3 iPOST trial, which took place in Denmark, included 1,234 patients (average age 61; 79 percent male) with acute STEMI symptoms of less than 12 hours' duration who were randomly assigned to receive standard angioplasty or ischemic postconditioning prior to stent implantation in the blocked artery. The primary endpoint was a composite of death from any cause and hospitalization for heart failure. Patients were followed for a minimum of two years, with an average follow-up time of 39 months.
Deaths from any cause and hospitalizations for heart failure - the primary endpoint, were reduced by 7 percent in patients who received iPOST compared with those who received standard angioplasty, but this result did not reach statistical significance, Engstrøm said. Although the primary endpoint was not met, a statistically significant 4 percent improvement was seen in a secondary endpoint, left ventricular ejection fraction--a measure of how much blood is being pumped out of the left ventricle--in patients whose STEMIs involved the front wall of the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber), he said.
"This may translate into improved survival over more years of follow-up," Engstrøm said.
This study was the first large clinical trial designed to evaluate clinical outcomes in STEMI patients, as opposed to surrogate endpoints such as ST-segment resolution, Engstrøm said. He said larger trials may be required to definitely establish whether ischemic postconditioning improves clinical outcomes.
A limitation of the study is that the physicians performing the angioplasties cannot be blinded to the treatment group that patients are assigned to, Engstrøm said.
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The DANAMI-3 iPOST trial was funded by the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation and Danish Council for Strategic Research.
The ACC's Annual Scientific Session, which in 2016 will be April 2-4 in Chicago, brings together cardiologists and cardiovascular specialists from around the world to share the newest discoveries in treatment and prevention. Follow @ACCMediaCenter and #ACC16 for the latest news from the meeting.
The American College of Cardiology is a 52,000-member medical society that is the professional home for the entire cardiovascular care team. The mission of the College is to transform cardiovascular care and to improve heart health. The ACC leads in the formation of health policy, standards and guidelines. The College operates national registries to measure and improve care, offers cardiovascular accreditation to hospitals and institutions, provides professional medical education, disseminates cardiovascular research and bestows credentials upon cardiovascular specialists who meet stringent qualifications.
Engstrøm will be available to the media in a press conference on Sunday, April 3, 2016, at 12:15 p.m. CT/1:15 p.m. ET/5:15 p.m. UTC in Room N229.
Engstrøm will present the study, "The Third DANish Study of Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: iPOSTconditioning during primary PCI," on Sunday, April 3, 2016, at 10:45 a.m. CT/11:45 a.m. ET/3:45 p.m. UTC in the Main Tent (North Hall B1).