image: This is Monash University Associate Professor Roger Pocock. view more
Credit: Monash University
Monash University and Danish researchers have discovered a gene in worms that could help break the cycle of overeating and under-exercising that can lead to obesity.
The team has discovered a gene that triggers a feeling of fullness, as well as the need to sleep after eating. A similar gene is found in people, opening up the potential to develop a drug that could help control obesity by reducing appetite and increasing the desire for exercise.
The team, led by Associate Professor Roger Pocock at the Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and his colleagues at the University of Copenhagan, published their results today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a prestigious US journal.
Associate Professor Pocock and his team discovered a gene, encoding a transcription factor called ETS-5, which controls signals from the brain to the intestines. Associate Professor Pocock explained that when the intestine had stored enough fat, the brain would receive the message to stop moving, effectively putting the worm to sleep.
"When animals are malnourished they seek out food by roaming their environment. When they're well fed they have no need to roam, and when they're fully sated they enter a sleep-like state," Associate Professor Pocock said.
The researchers studied Caenorhabditis elegans, or the roundworm, because of the comparative simplicity of its brain -- it has just 302 neurons and 8,000 synapses, or neuron-to-neuron connections, all of which have been mapped. Compare this with the human brain which has billions of neurons, more than 160,000 kilometres of biological wiring, and 100 trillion synapses.
Associate Professor Pocock said the roundworm and humans share up to 80 per cent of their genes, as well as around half of all the known genes which are involved in human diseases.
"Because roundworms share so many genes with humans they are a great model system to investigate and gain a better understanding of processes like metabolism as well as diseases in humans," he said.
The researchers discovered the role of the transcription factor ETS-5 by analysing single neurons within the brain of the worm, monitoring its response to food. They found that -- much like mammals including humans -- a diet that supports growth elicits a different response in worms compared with low quality food. In mammals, a diet loaded with fats and sugars stimulates overfeeding, leading to obesity. When fed on low quality food the worms roamed in search of better nutrition.
The discovery of ETS-5 is the first time a gene regulatory molecule of this type, and potential drug target, has been implicated in the brain-intestinal control of eating and activity, according to Associate Professor Pocock.
"The ETS family of genes is present in humans and has previously been linked to obesity regulation. Now that we've learned this gene family controls food intake through a feedback system to the brain, it represents a credible drug target for the treatment of obesity," he said.
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Committed to making the discoveries that will relieve the future burden of disease, the newly established Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute at Monash University brings together more than 120 internationally-renowned research teams. Our researchers are supported by world-class technology and infrastructure, and partner with industry, clinicians and researchers internationally to enhance lives through discovery.
Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences