Researchers are working on a new national map of seismic hazards for Brazil. In preparing the seismic hazard map, the researchers first conducted a survey of the tremors that have occurred in Brazil in recent decades in order to determine the level of seismic activity in each region.
According to the survey, seismic events occur most frequently in the Northeast, especially in the states of Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte, in northern parts of Mato Grosso and Goiás states, and in Mato Grosso state's wetlands (Pantanal biome).
"Actually, any region is susceptible to seismic tremors. The probability is higher in some areas, such as Minas Gerais, and lower in others. We don't yet know exactly why some areas are more active than others," said Marcelo Sousa de Assumpção, a professor at the University of São Paulo's Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics & Atmospheric Sciences (IAG-USP), and one of the coordinators of the Brazilian Seismographic Network (RSBR).
"Seismic risk is relatively low in Brazil compared with other South American countries, such as Chile or Peru, thanks to its location in a stable region with very old topography and in the interior of a tectonic plate," Assumpção said.
"But low-and medium-intensity tremors occur with a certain frequency in Brazil, and these can have drastic consequences depending on where they happen," said the principal investigator for the research project "Pantanal-Chaco-Paraná basins (PCPB): crust and upper mantle seismic structure and evolution", supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).
A recent example was the series of tremors of magnitudes 2.01-2.55 that occurred in Mariana, Minas Gerais state, three days before the collapse of the Fundão tailings dam owned by Samarco, resulting in the worst environmental disaster in Brazilian history.
Despite its low magnitude, the epicenter of a 2.5 tremor occurred only 1 km from the tailings dam, according to a statement by Samarco in a report on the causes of the accident prepared by an international committee of experts that analyzed the dam geotechnically.
One of the committee's conclusions was that low-magnitude tremors cannot endanger well-built structures that are in use. "This dam, however, was in a fragile condition, and the tremors occurred an hour before it burst," Assumpção said.
Based on the frequency and magnitude of these tremors, they estimated the probability of similar tremors in the coming years and the level of vibration they would cause in the soil on which homes, hospitals, stores and other buildings stand, given their distance from the epicenter.
Magnitude 3 tremors, for example, occur twice per month on average in Brazil. Magnitude 4 tremors, such as the 2012 quake in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, occur twice a year. Magnitude 5 tremors, such as the quake that hit the town of Itacarambi in Minas Gerais in 2007, cause damage and occur once every 50 years, according to the researchers.
"The tremors that occurred before the collapse of Samarco's tailings dam in Mariana, for example, occur all the time and are felt only when they occur near a town or city," Assumpção said.
"Although seismic events of this magnitude are relatively low-level, if they occur 1 km from a building or in the middle of a town, their intensity can be substantial, and they can have a serious impact on the population."
He added that Brazil's seismic-resistant building standard, NBR-15421, in force since 2006, was based on an outdated seismic hazard map. "We believe Brazil has many more earthquake-prone areas than are identified by the old map on which the standard was based," he said.
Builders of hydroelectric dams are required to perform seismic hazard studies before their designs are approved. In the case of tailings dams, many mining companies perform seismic hazard studies as part of the design process to make sure they can withstand a major earthquake, but not all do so, according to Assumpção. "There were no regulations that required seismic studies for approval of tailings dams," he said.
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The work is being done by researchers at the University of São Paulo's Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics & Atmospheric Sciences (IAG-USP), in collaboration with colleagues at São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro campus, the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), the University of Brasília (UnB), the National Observatory and Fundação Getúlio Vargas in Rio de Janeiro (FGV-RJ).
About São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)
The São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) is a public institution with the mission of supporting scientific research in all fields of knowledge by awarding scholarships, fellowships and grants to investigators linked with higher education and research institutions in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. FAPESP is aware that the very best research can only be done by working with the best researchers internationally. Therefore, it has established partnerships with funding agencies, higher education, private companies, and research organizations in other countries known by the quality of their research and has been encouraging scientists funded by its grants to further develop their international collaboration. For more information: http://www.fapesp.br/en.