image: Image of the fungus Candida albicans on the surface of a skin cell that is in the process of growing into its filamentous form. view more
Credit: Bernhard Hube, University of Jena, Germany
PITTSBURGH, Nov. 3, 2017 - An international team, led by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, has identified the mechanism by which the immune system first learns that the fungus Candida albicans, which causes oral thrush, has invaded the body. The culprit is a fungal toxin called Candidalysin, which punches holes in cells lining the mouth and is sensed by the immune system, which then begins to mount a defense.
The new findings, published today in the journal Science Immunology, could eventually lead to better treatments for oral thrush, which can produce pain severe enough to cause difficulty eating and swallowing, as well as other fungal infections.
The mouth is home to a large number of microbes, termed commensals, which are harmless in healthy individuals. However, suppression of the immune system can lead to severe and reoccurring painful oral infections from these organisms, explained the study's co-senior author Sarah Gaffen, Ph.D., who holds the Gerald P. Rodnan Endowed Chair in the Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology at Pitt.
One such example is the fungus Candida albicans. The harmless commensal form exists as a small single-celled organism, but when the immune system is compromised, Candida elongates into an invasive form, characterized by long filaments called hyphae, that causes a pervasive infection called oral candidiasis, or "thrush."
The immature immune systems of infants make them particularly susceptible to thrush, which can lead to a failure to thrive and nutritional deficiencies. The infection also is prevalent among HIV/AIDS patients, denture wearers and those on immunosuppressants, including chemotherapy and drugs to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. In fact, at least 50 percent of HIV patients struggle with repeated thrush infections.
However, surprisingly little is known about how fungal immunity in the mouth operates, and, until now, it was unclear why Candida does not establish an invasive infection in healthy humans, said Gaffen.
Her lab previously showed that an immune hormone called interleukin-17 (IL-17) and the specific cells that make it -- a subclass of immune cells called helper T cells -- are essential to immunity against oral thrush.
Oral epithelial cells (OECs), which are part of the mucous membrane lining the inside of the mouth, are the first cells in the body to encounter Candida. They ignore the yeast until it begins to grow hyphae, at which point the OECs stimulate helper T cells to produce IL-17.
In the new study, the researchers used a combination of human OECs cultured in laboratory dishes and mice infected orally with Candida, to show the central importance of Candidalysin, a toxin secreted by Candida that allows the fungus to create holes in OECs and invade the tissue. Further experiments revealed that IL-17 and Candidalysin act in a synergistic manner to amplify antifungal signals in cultured OECs.
Candidalysin was discovered in 2016 by the study's other co-senior author, Julian Naglik, Ph.D., professor of fungal pathogenesis and immunology, King's College London, United Kingdom.
"To use a Game of Thrones analogy: the oral epithelial cells form a protective 'wall' that keeps the marauding Candida invaders at bay. Patrolling the wall are the helper T cells, which use IL-17 as their weapon to protect the kingdom," said the paper's first author, postdoctoral fellow Akash Verma, Ph.D.
Despite millions of fungal infections worldwide, there are no commercially available anti-fungal vaccines. "Our research provides vital clues to understand the immune defense network at barrier sites of the body. This knowledge may ultimately be harnessed to design antifungal vaccines," Gaffen said.
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Gaffen and Naglik recently were awarded a large National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant to further explore the role of Candidalysin signaling in oral immunity. The grant received the prestigious MERIT designation given to only 5 percent of grants.
Contact:
Arvind Suresh
Office: 412-647-9966
Mobile: 412-509-8207
E-mail: SureshA2@upmc.edu
Allison Hydzik
Office: 412-647-9975
Mobile: 412-559-2431
E-mail: HydzikAM@upmc.edu
Additional authors on the study are: Chunsheng Zhou, B.S., Bianca Coleman, M.S., Kritika Ramani, Ph.D., Mandy McGeachy, Ph.D., Lawrence Kane, Ph.D., and Partha Biswas, Ph.D., all of Pitt; Jonathan Richardson, Ph.D., David Moyes, Ph.D., and Jemima Ho, Ph.D., of King's College London; Anna Huppler, M.D., of the Medical College of Wisconsin; Ilgiz Mufazalov, Ph.D., and Ari Waisman, Ph.D., of University Medical Center of Johannes-Gutenberg University, Germany; and Bernhard Hube, Ph.D., Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Germany.
Funding was provided by NIH grants DE022550, DE023815, AI107825, AI103022, AI110822 and DK104680.
About the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
As one of the nation's leading academic centers for biomedical research, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine integrates advanced technology with basic science across a broad range of disciplines in a continuous quest to harness the power of new knowledge and improve the human condition. Driven mainly by the School of Medicine and its affiliates, Pitt has ranked among the top 10 recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health since 1998. In rankings recently released by the National Science Foundation, Pitt ranked fifth among all American universities in total federal science and engineering research and development support.
Likewise, the School of Medicine is equally committed to advancing the quality and strength of its medical and graduate education programs, for which it is recognized as an innovative leader, and to training highly skilled, compassionate clinicians and creative scientists well-equipped to engage in world-class research. The School of Medicine is the academic partner of UPMC, which has collaborated with the University to raise the standard of medical excellence in Pittsburgh and to position health care as a driving force behind the region's economy. For more information about the School of Medicine, see http://www.medschool.pitt.edu.
Journal
Science Immunology