Providing pregnant women with HIV self-testing kits to pass along to their male partners can boost the partners' rate of HIV testing and entry into care, according to a research article published this week in PLOS Medicine by Augustine Choko of the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Program, Malawi, and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and colleagues.
Men are underserved by current HIV testing services in many areas with high HIV prevalence, leading to poor health outcomes. In the new study, 2349 women over the age of 18 receiving antenatal care at one of three health centers in urban Malawi were enrolled in a cluster randomized trial. Groups of women received standard of care--an invitation letter for their male partner to attend an HIV clinic for testing and follow-up care--either alone in the control arm or along with two HIV self-testing kits for their partners in the first intervention arm. Women in other arms of the trial also received self-testing kits together with different incentives for their partners to attend a clinic--either follow-up phone calls, financial incentives of $3 or $10, or entry into a lottery offering an opportunity to win $30.
After 28 days, 17.4% of the partners of women in the control arm were reported to have tested for HIV, whereas 87.0% to 95.4% of those in the intervention arms were reported to have tested. As judged according to the trial's primary endpoint, the proportion of partners testing within 28 days and linking to HIV treatment or prevention services, 13.0% of partners in the control arm visited the clinic within 28 days. Significant increases were seen with self-testing plus a $3 incentive (40.9% of partners; adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 3.01, 95% CI 1.63-5.57), self testing plus $10 (51.7% of partners; aRR 3.72, 95% CI 1.85-7.48), and phone reminders (22.3% of partners; aRR 1.58, 95% CI 1.07-2.33). In contrast, no significant benefits as compared with the standard of care were seen in partners receiving the self-testing kits alone (17.5% of partners; aRR 1.45, 95% CI 0.99-2.13) or those in the lottery arm (18.6% of partners; aRR 1.53, 95% CI 0.93-2.52; this arm was terminated at an interim analysis). No serious adverse events were reported.
"Secondary distribution of HIVST kits, ideally accompanied by interventions promoting timely linkage into HIV care and prevention cascades, is a promising new approach for routine ANC services to reach male partners, intensify prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and contribute more broadly to country-level HIV prevention targets," the authors say.
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Research Article
Funding:
This work was funded through a Wellcome Trust Training Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine to AC (Grant number: 105828/Z/14/Z). The trial sponsor was London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (Ref, No.: QA844). The funder and sponsor had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests:
I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: ELC's institution has received research grants for research into HIV self-testing from Wellcome Trust and Unitaid. RH receives research grants from the UK Medical Research Council, NIH and 3ie.
Citation:
Choko AT, Corbett EL, Stallard N, Maheswaran H, Lepine A, Johnson CC, et al. (2019) HIV self-testing alone or with additional interventions, including financial incentives, and linkage to care or prevention among male partners of antenatal care clinic attendees in Malawi: An adaptive multi-arm, multi-stage cluster randomised trial. PLoS Med 16(1): e1002719. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002719
Image Credit: Victor, Flickr
Author Affiliations:
TB/HIV Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Department of HIV/AIDS, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
In your coverage please use this URL to provide access to the freely available paper: http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002719
Journal
PLoS Medicine