(Philadelphia, PA) - High-profile mass shootings involving three, four or more victims killed in a single incident receive extensive attention from media, policy makers and the general public. However, these traditionally defined mass shootings make up a small fraction of gun deaths in the United States. More commonly, firearm-injured patients (FIPs) present to trauma centers as a single victim or in clusters of multiple casualties, which do not achieve the definition of a mass shooting or a mass casualty incident (MCI). An MCI involves a high number of injured patients and overwhelms the resources of the local trauma center and/or regional trauma system. The impact of clusters of patients from multiple shooting incidents arriving to the same hospital can be significant, even though they are not regarded as "mass shooting" events.
A research team led by Jessica H. Beard, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Surgery in the Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (LKSOM), set out to calculate the number and analyze trends in the rates of FIPs transported at clustered time intervals to Philadelphia-area hospitals over an 11-year period. They also examined FIP demographics and mortality, time of day of FIP transport and level of treating trauma center over the same study period, comparing these characteristics between FIP clusters and the overall FIP population. The results of their research were published online April 10 by the Journal of the American College of Surgeons.
"This is the first study that has examined the rate at which firearm-injured patients present in clusters in an urban trauma system," said Dr. Beard, who is also corresponding and first author on the study. "From a trauma system perspective, it is important to document and monitor the frequency and magnitude of clustered arrivals of FIPs. With a better understanding of the burden FIP clusters have on our hospitals and trauma systems, improved resource allocation and management plans for multiple patient scenarios can be developed to avoid MCIs."
The research team used data from the Philadelphia Police Department, the most comprehensive source of city-level firearm injury data available in Philadelphia. All FIPs transported to 18 Philadelphia-area Level I trauma, Level II trauma or non-trauma center hospitals from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2015 were included in the study. FIPs with missing data on shooting time and/or hospital destination were excluded. The team defined a FIP cluster as the arrival of more than one firearm-injured patient within 15 minutes of another to the same hospital. For purposes of this study, the group used rolling temporal windows, meaning the time window began again with each case. So, if one FIP arrived at 7:01 pm, another at 7:08pm and another at 7:17 pm, it was counted as one cluster.
Among the team's findings for FIPs arriving in clusters within 15 minutes of each other to the same hospital:
- There were 14,217 FIPs included in the study over the 11-year period.
- Clustered FIPs were more likely to be female and present at night than the overall FIP population.
- FIPs presenting in clusters were less likely to die and less likely to present at Level II or non-trauma centers than the general FIP population.
- Patient age and race were similar between FIPs arriving in clusters of 2 or more within 15 minutes and the overall FIP population.
- Overall, 22.1% of FIPs arrived in 1,416 clusters of 2 or more patients.
- The majority of cluster events occurred when 2 FIPs arrived within 15 minutes of each other.
- There were 244 clusters of 3 or more FIPs, 54 clusters of 4 or more FIPs, 3 clusters of 6 or more FIPs and 1 cluster of 7 FIPs.
- 3 Philadelphia Level I trauma centers treated 77.8% of the entire FIP population and these same three centers saw the highest number of clustered FIPs as well, treating 83.3 of clusters of 2 or more and 85.2% of clusters of 4 or more.
- All high volume clusters of 6 or more FIPs were treated at a single Level I Trauma Center.
"We found that there were 54 events when 4 or more FIPs presented to the same hospital within 15 minutes. Over an 11-year period, this amounts to a mass shooting-type event (involving 4 or more victims) occurring every two to three months in the Philadelphia area alone," added Dr. Beard. "FIP clusters can cause trauma systems stress with still unclear effects on patient outcomes, but they are not widely recognized within the traditional framework of 'mass shootings' by media or policy makers. However, for hospitals that treat the injured, it is likely that the number of FIPs, the time between arrivals and the injury severity determine the level of system burden regardless of whether the event in which they occurred was a single event that meets the traditional definition of 'mass shooting.'"
The team's findings further highlight that a significant portion of firearm injury disease burden, even for high casualty incidents, lies in urban centers with high rates of neighborhood gun violence. "Prevention efforts should be focused on these populations and places going forward," said Dr. Beard. "Timely transport to the nearest trauma center is necessary to optimize survival. Going forward, trauma centers should make an effort to collect data on FIP cluster rates and monitor outcomes on a local and national level."
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Other researchers involved in the study include Amy J. Goldberg, Lars O. Sjoholm and Zoë Maher in the Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care at LKSOM; Mark J. Seamon and Carrie A. Sims in the Department of Surgery, Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Shelby Resnick at Kaiser Permanente South Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, CA; Christopher N. Morrison in the Department of Epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY and the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; and Randi N. Smith in the Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care at Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
About Temple Health
Temple University Health System (TUHS) is a $2.1 billion academic health system dedicated to providing access to quality patient care and supporting excellence in medical education and research. The Health System consists of Temple University Hospital (TUH), ranked among the "Best Hospitals" in the region by U.S. News & World Report; TUH-Episcopal Campus; TUH-Northeastern Campus; Fox Chase Cancer Center, an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center; Jeanes Hospital, a community-based hospital offering medical, surgical and emergency services; Temple Transport Team, a ground and air-ambulance company; and Temple Physicians, Inc., a network of community-based specialty and primary-care physician practices. TUHS is affiliated with the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, and Temple University Physicians, which is Temple Health's physician practice plan comprised of more than 500 full-time and part-time academic physicians in 20 clinical departments.
The Lewis Katz School of Medicine (LKSOM), established in 1901, is one of the nation's leading medical schools. Each year, the School of Medicine educates more than 800 medical students and approximately 240 graduate students. Based on its level of funding from the National Institutes of Health, the Katz School of Medicine is the second-highest ranked medical school in Philadelphia and the third-highest in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. According to U.S. News & World Report, LKSOM is among the top 10 most applied-to medical schools in the nation.
Temple Health refers to the health, education and research activities carried out by the affiliates of Temple University Health System (TUHS) and by the Katz School of Medicine. TUHS neither provides nor controls the provision of health care. All health care is provided by its member organizations or independent health care providers affiliated with TUHS member organizations. Each TUHS member organization is owned and operated pursuant to its governing documents.
Journal
Journal of the American College of Surgeons