African-American moms are helicopter parents too, but endgame is survival

African-American moms share many traits with helicopter parents, specifically when it comes to being overprotective and hypervigilant about their children's lives. But their goal is not only to get them into college. It's survival.

That's the conclusion of a study recently published in The Professional Counselor, which documents the experience of African-American mothers raising boys and young men in the United States.

The qualitative study found that mothers live in fear that their sons will be stopped by people in authority and could potentially be killed, the same experience responsible for the #BlackLivesMatter movement. This anxiety leads to physical symptoms and also impacts the way these women parent their sons.

"We've been hearing from mothers about these fears throughout our professional careers," says Ann Shillingford '09, a UCF associate professor of counseling and one of the study's lead authors. "We decided to look at the data and we heard similar stories over and over again. This is a collective experience that had not been documented, until now."

Shillingford and UCF colleague Richelle Joe wanted to understand how media exposure to community and state violence connect to the physical and mental health of these mothers. They hoped the information would educate counseling techniques that would help African-American families.

Some of the study participants described themselves as having to be "crazy and brave" to raise their sons given all the challenges they face. They described coaching their sons on how to act when they are stopped -- not if it happens -- to enhance their chances of survival. This coaching is often referred to as "the talk."

"They have a baseline of fear for their sons, which causes them to be a bit overbearing. They reported wanting to control their sons' movements and they give them 'the talk' in hopes that it will protect them outside the home," Joe says. "This is a kind of helicopter parenting, but not for academic success. It is to ensure survival."

Not everyone has the same approach, the authors said. But the mothers in the study described "the talk" as offering this advice:

• Keep your hands where they can see them.
• Don't make sudden movements.
• Don't give them a reason to hurt you.
• Be polite, even if you are angry for the unjust nature of the situation.
• I know you did nothing wrong, but don't give them a reason.

The "talk" usually concludes with, "I want you to come home alive."

The children's reaction varies and leads to strains on the relationship, adding to the stress the mothers juggle.

Raising young African-American men is also isolating, the authors say. The moms don't feel comfortable talking about this at work or with other people who aren't going through the same experience.

"They are dismissed at work and often told their 'good boys' are going to be ok, or they are told they are overreacting," Shillingford says.

So, the women seek others like them and create their own support networks to share and to reassure each other they are not alone, Joe says.

The study authors interviewed 19 women from across the nation with at least one male child of varying ages. Most of the mothers held college degrees, and all of them had attended college for some amount of time. The interviews lasted between and 40 to 90 minutes depending on the participant. Those interviewed often shared stories of other women in their network.

"We have a duty to provide culturally sensitive services to support this population so that they can take off their masks and experience the empathy that is lacking in many aspects of their lives," Joe says. "Additionally, this duty extends beyond the counseling room as counselors serve as social justice advocates in order to address the systemic barriers to mental health and wellness for members of the African-American community."

The authors say they will continue to document the experience of African-American mothers and hope to next examine what coping techniques they use and their effectiveness.

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Shillingford worked many years in counseling before earning a doctorate in counselor education and supervision from UCF. She is the coordinator of the counselor education Ph.D. program at the university and also facilitates a study abroad program to the island of Dominca, where she grew up. She is also the coordinator for UCF's chapter of the National Holmes Scholar program. The NHS is a mentoring program to support students from underrepresented groups in higher education. Her research interests include addressing on-going trauma and masking among African-American women, culturally responsive school-family-community partnerships

Joe served as a professional school counselor in Virginia before joining UCF as an assistant professor. She has a doctorate from the College of William & Mary and is a nationally certified counselor and an approved clinical supervisor. Joe is active in multiple professional organizations, including the American Counseling Association, the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development, the National Board for Certified Counselors, and the Association for Moral Education. Her research focuses on culturally responsive services for underserved and marginalized clients and communities, and specifically includes an emphasis on effective school-family relationships, the experiences of individuals of color, and the mental health needs of individuals and families affected by HIV/AIDS.

Founded in 1963 with a commitment to expanding opportunity and demanding excellence, the University of Central Florida develops the talent needed to advance the prosperity and welfare of our society. With more than 68,000 students, UCF is one of the nation's largest universities, offering more than 220 degree programs at its main campus in Orlando and more than a dozen other locations in Central Florida and online. For more information, visit ucf.edu.

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