image: Loss of a barrier to tumor formation: On the left, a protective barrier of activin B expression (red color) is present in normal pancreatic islets. On the right, this barrier is missing in derivative islet tumors. The cyan color shows cell nuclei. view more
Credit: Iacovos Michael/EPFL
Activins are proteins involved in a number of important biological functions, including the regulation of the menstrual cycle, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, homeostasis, immune response, wound repair, and endocrine function.
Activin B is one of the activin proteins. It binds and activates a receptor called ALK7 - a member of the tumor growth factor beta (TGFß) receptors superfamily. When activated, ALK7 triggers a domino effect of molecular and biochemical reactions (a "signaling pathway") that result in various changes across the cell.
Now, a team of researchers spearheaded by the lab of Douglas Hanahan at EPFL have found that activin B and ALK7 expressed by cancer cells can form a "barrier" that not only prevents them from forming new tumors, but also from metastasizing. The project was led by Iacovos P. Michael, a former postdoc in Hanahan's lab.
The researchers studied the ALK7 signaling pathway in mice with either pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors or breast cancer. They found that when the receptor is activated by activin B, cancer cells died via a process called apoptosis. On the contrary, blocking ALK7 activation allowed cancer cells to evade death and successfully metastasize to various organs, such as the liver, lungs and brain. And the way by which cancer cells evaded the activin B/ALK7 "barrier" was by either downregulating activin B and/or downregulating ALK7.
"This study enforces the notion that apoptosis is an important barrier of tumorigenesis, and that its evasion by cancer cells is a key hallmark capability of cancer cells during malignancy and metastasis," says Hanahan.
Furthermore, this study also revealed that the presence of ALK7 correlated with prolonged relapse-free survival (longer time for reappearance) of patients with various cancers, including breast cancer. Notably, comparatively higher levels of ALK7 expression were also associated with a longer period before metastasis became apparent in breast-cancer patients.
This study introduces a heretofore unappreciated role of a protective activin B/ALK7 "barrier", which triggers apoptosis in ALK7-expressing cells that are therefore not ''authorized'' to proliferate in a particular tissue microenvironment bathed in its ligand.
"Elucidating how cancer cells manage to overcome nature's various 'safety checkpoints' to prevent malignancy is an important step towards understanding tumor biology and disease pathogenesis," says Iacovos Michael.
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Professor Hanahan's lab is part of the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) within the School of Life Sciences at EPFL. ISREC@EPFL is part of the Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), a multidisciplinary alliance pursuing fundamental, translational, and clinical cancer research. The SCCL founding members are the Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), the Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), the universities of Lausanne (UNIL)and Geneva (UNIGE), and EPFL.
Other contributors
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
University of Bern
Reference
Iacovos P. Michael, Sadegh Saghafinia, Mélanie Tichet, Nadine Zangger, Ilaria Marinoni, Aurel Perren, Douglas Hanahan. ALK7 signaling manifests a homeostatic tissue barrier that is abrogated during tumorigenesis and metastasis. Developmental Cell 49:1-16, 06 May 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.015
Journal
Developmental Cell