image: Schematics of longitudinal (a) and transverse (b) thermoelectric modules. While n and p type materials are needed for the longitudinal thermoelectric module, one material with compensated electrons and holes suffices in the transverse case. view more
Credit: ©Science China Press
The thermoelectric conversion efficiency of a particular material is determined by the value of its thermoelectric figure of merit zT. It is a complex function of the absolute temperature and several pertinent transport properties including the Seebeck coefficient, the electrical and thermal conductivities. These quantities are usually measured in parallel to each other, reflecting the longitudinal thermoelectric effect.
Optimization of zT in conventional thermoelectric materials meets severe limitations. For instance, one comes from the charge compensation of electrons and holes that contribute oppositely to the Seebeck effect. The other is the Wiedemann-Franz law that fundamentally ties the electrical and the thermal conductivity, making independent optimization of the two quantities impossible.
A recent paper of J. S. Xiang et al. published in Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. has demonstrated a much larger transverse figure of merit in a topological semimetal in low magnetic fields, relative to its longitudinal counterpart. This simply resembles the much larger transverse (Hall) conductivity over its longitudinal counterpart that is generically observed in many topological semimetals in low fields.
The large transverse zT values in topological semimetal benefit from some of its inherent features. These include the coexistence of electrons and holes which, in the case of transverse thermoelectricity, will contribute additively to each other, and the topologically protected high charge mobility is, to a large extent, free of the lattice imperfection. Actually, the Dirac semimetal Cd3As2, which is focused in this paper, has a very high electron mobility in spite of its negligible lattice thermal conductivity for this reason.
More excitingly, topological semimetals can have excess transverse thermoelectric effect, known as anomalous Nernst effect, arising from the pronounced Berry curvature near the Fermi level. Furthermore, if one considers a magnetic topological semimetal, the large transverse thermoelectricity will appear in the absence of external field.
As the paper reads, the transverse thermoelectric effect offers some more merits over its longitudinal counterpart: one does not need two (n and p) types of thermoelectric materials for constructing one device; because the electrical and thermal currents are orthogonal and decoupled in this case, high electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity desired for large transverse figure of merit can be easily realized by using an anisotropy compound.
###
This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0303100, and 2015CB921303), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11774404, and 11474332), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences through the Strategic Priority Research Program (Grant No. XDB07020200).
See the article:
J. S. Xiang, S. L. Hu, M. Lyu, W. L. Zhu, C. Y. Ma, Z. Y. Chen, F. Steglich, G. F. Chen, and P. J. Sun, Large transverse thermoelectric figure of merit in a topological Dirac semimetal, Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 63, 237011 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-019-1445-4