video: Graphic portrays the DNA repeat expansion mutation that causes Huntington's disease being reversed by a newly discovered molecule (shown here as "new intervention" starburst). Increasing number of repetitions of "FAT FAT FAT" represents worsening disease; reduced repetitions of "FAT FAT FAT" caused by the new intervention represent less severe disease. view more
Credit: The Hospital for Sick Children
TORONTO AND OSAKA - Neurodegenerative diseases, like Huntington's disease and myotonic dystrophy, are often referred to as DNA repeat diseases, named because of long repeated sequences in the DNA of patients. Increasing repeat expansion length in the affected tissues contribute to earlier age of disease onset and worsen the progression and severity of the disease over time.
In an international study published in the February 14 online edition of Nature Genetics, scientists from The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Canada, along with research teams from Osaka University, Japan, reveal the ability to reverse this repeat mutation length in the brains of a mouse model with Huntington's disease. The team discovered a compound that targets the unusual DNA structure and was shown to reverse repeat expansions with undetectable off-target effects.
First evidence of a molecule that induces in-vivo repeat contractions
Huntington's disease is one of more than 40 neurodegenerative diseases caused by DNA repeat expansion mutations in specific genes. The unusual DNA structures, called slipped-DNAs, are formed by the repeats, and levels of slipped-DNAs are greater in affected tissues that have longer repeat expansions, causing more severe mutations.
The study found evidence that the molecule compound called Naphthyridine-Azaquinolone (NA) can recognize slipped-DNAs and reverse the mutation — essentially causing a contraction of the expansion. In the lab, the research team was able to successfully reduce the repeat expansions in the brain of a Huntington's disease mouse model, as well as in cells extracted from tissues of individuals affected by Huntington's disease.
"We found that targeting the unusual slipped-DNA structures, which are critical to ongoing mutations in patient tissues, allowed us to reverse the size of repeat expansion mutations. Since longer expansions over time are directly associated with more severe disease, our findings offer hope for the ability to delay the onset of Huntington's and slow its progression," says Dr. Christopher E. Pearson, SickKids Senior Scientist in Genetics & Genome Biology, and principal investigator of the study.
Critical to the findings was that no off-target effects were detected anywhere else in the DNA, suggesting high specificity of the compound for the disease gene. This is important for any treatment, as off-target effects could be harmful.
"This is the first evidence for a small molecule that can induce contractions of disease-causing expansions in vivo in an affected brain region," says Dr. Masayuki Nakamori, Assistant Professor, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.
Potential future treatment option for individuals with Huntington's disease
The findings suggest that NA could be a possible drug therapy for individuals who inherit the disease from a parent. Applying this compound to cells or tissues with repeat expansions could both block the expansions and kick start contractions of the mutant genes.
"Consider the gene as a sentence that reads, 'THE CAT ATE THE FAT FAT RAT.' In repeat-associated diseases, the mutation would be 'THE CAT ATE THE FAT FAT FAT FAT FAT FAT FAT RAT.' More FAT units lead to more severe disease. We are now able to reverse the disease-causing repeat mutation — in other words, we can reduce the number of 'FAT' units," says Pearson, who is also Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Toronto and holds a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Disease-Associated Genome Instability.
"Until now, we have only dreamed of finding a compound like this. When we first began research into repeat expansions in the mid '90s, there were only three diseases known to be caused by them. Now, we know nearly 50 diseases are involved. Our finding reveals a new avenue by which Huntington's and other diseases, like myotonic dystrophy, could be treated by other compounds directed at the mutant repeats that are causing those diseases," says Pearson.
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This study builds on a decade of collaborative research between the Canadian and Japanese researchers. The molecule NA was developed by Professor Kazuhiko Nakatani of the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, and his lab is working on compounds to target other disease repeats. Small molecules targeting other repeat sequences are also being developed by Nakatani's laboratory.
The article, "A slipped-CAG DNA-binding small molecule induces trinucleotide-repeat contractions in vivo," was published in Nature Genetics at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0575-8.
About The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)
The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) is recognized as one of the world's foremost paediatric health-care institutions and is Canada's leading centre dedicated to advancing children's health through the integration of patient care, research and education. Founded in 1875 and affiliated with the University of Toronto, SickKids is one of Canada's most research-intensive hospitals and has generated discoveries that have helped children globally. Its mission is to provide the best in complex and specialized family-centred care; pioneer scientific and clinical advancements; share expertise; foster an academic environment that nurtures health-care professionals; and champion an accessible, comprehensive and sustainable child health system. SickKids is a founding member of Kids Health Alliance, a network of partners working to create a high quality, consistent and coordinated approach to pediatric health care that is centred around children, youth and their families. SickKids is proud of its vision for Healthier Children. A Better World.
About Osaka University
Osaka University was founded in 1931 as one of the seven imperial universities of Japan and now has expanded to one of Japan's leading comprehensive universities. The University has now embarked on open research revolution from a position as Japan's most innovative university and among the most innovative institutions in the world according to Reuters 2015 Top 100 Innovative Universities and the Nature Index Innovation 2017. The university's ability to innovate from the stage of fundamental research through the creation of useful technology with economic impact stems from its broad disciplinary spectrum.
Website: https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/top
(Funding organizations that cannot be included in the above field:)
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Cancer Research UK Catalyst Award, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, SickKids Foundation
Journal
Nature Genetics