image: The arrow indicates the value most compatible with the data. The gray region is disfavored at 99.7% confidence level. Nearly half of the possible values are excluded. view more
Credit: The T2K Collaboration
The T2K Collaboration has published new results showing the strongest constraint yet on the parameter that governs the breaking of the symmetry between matter and antimatter in neutrino oscillations. Using beams of muon neutrinos and muon antineutrinos, T2K has studied how these particles and antiparticles transition into electron neutrinos and electron antineutrinos, respectively. The parameter governing the matter/antimatter symmetry breaking in neutrino oscillation, called δcp phase, can take a value from -180º to 180º. For the first time, T2K has disfavored almost half of the possible values at the 99.7% (3σ) confidence level, and is starting to reveal a basic property of neutrinos that has not been measured until now. This is an important step on the way to knowing whether or not neutrinos and antineutrinos behave differently. These results, using data collected through 2018, have been published in the multidisciplinary scientific journal, Nature on April 16.
For most phenomena, the laws of physics provide a symmetric description of the behavior of matter and antimatter. However, this symmetry does not hold universally. The effect of the asymmetry between matter and antimatter is most apparent in the observation of the universe, which is composed of matter with little antimatter. It is considered that equal amounts of matter and antimatter were created at the beginning of the universe. Then, for the universe to evolve to a state where matter dominates over antimatter, a necessary condition is the violation of the so-called Charge-Parity (CP) symmetry. Until now, CP symmetry violation has only been observed in the physics of subatomic particles called quarks, but the magnitude of the CP symmetry violation is not large enough to explain the observed dominance of matter over antimatter in the universe. T2K is now searching for a new source of CP symmetry violation in neutrino oscillations that would manifest as a difference in the measured oscillation probability for neutrinos and antineutrinos.
The T2K experiment uses a beam consisting primarily of muon neutrinos or muon antineutrinos created using the proton beam from the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) located in Tokai village on the east coast of Japan. A small fraction of the neutrinos (or antineutrinos) are detected 295 km away at the Super-Kamiokande detector, located under a mountain in Kamioka, near the west coast of Japan. As the muon neutrinos and muon antineutrinos traverse the distance from Tokai to Kamioka (hence the name T2K), a fraction will oscillate or change flavor into electron neutrinos or electron antineutrinos respectively. The electron neutrinos and electron antineutrinos are identified in the Super-Kamiokande detector by the rings of Cherenkov light that they produce (shown below). While Super-Kamiokande cannot identify each event as a neutrino or antineutrino interaction, T2K is able to study the neutrino and antineutrino oscillations separately by operating the beam in neutrino mode or antineutrino mode.
T2K released a result analysing data with 1.49x1021 and 1.64x1021 protons from the accelerator for neutrino beam mode and antineutrino beam mode respectively. If the parameter δcp equals 0º or 180º, the neutrinos and antineutrinos will change their types (from muon to electron) in the same way during oscillation. The δcp parameter may have a value that enhances the oscillations of neutrinos or antineutrinos, breaking CP symmetry. However, the observation of neutrinos is already enhanced in the T2K experiment by the fact that the detectors and beam line components are made out of matter and not antimatter. To separate the effect of δcp from known beam line and interaction effects, the T2K analysis includes corrections based on data from magnetized near detectors (ND280) placed 280m from the target. T2K observed 90 electron neutrino candidates and 15 electron antineutrino candidates. T2K expects to observe 82 electron neutrino events compared to 17 electron antineutrino events for maximal neutrino enhancement (δcp =?90º) and 56 electron neutrino events compared to 22 electron antineutrino events for maximal antineutrino enhancement (δcp=+90º). The observed number of events as a function of the reconstructed neutrino energy is shown below. The T2K data is most compatible with a value close to δcp=?90º that significantly enhances the oscillation probability of neutrinos in the T2K experiment. Using this data, T2K evaluates confidence intervals for the parameter δcp. The disfavored region at the 3σ (99.7%) confidence level is ?2º to 165º. This result represents the strongest constraint on δcp to date. The values of 0º and 180º are disfavored at 95% confidence level , which was the case in T2K's previous release in 2017, indicating that CP symmetry may be violated in neutrino oscillations.
While this result shows a strong preference for enhancement of the neutrino rate in T2K, it is not yet clear if CP symmetry is violated or not. To further improve the experimental sensitivity to a potential CP symmetry violating effect, the T2K Collaboration will upgrade the near detector suite to reduce systematic uncertainties and accumulate more data, and J-PARC will increase the beam intensity by upgrading the accelerator and beamline.
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The T2K experiment is supported by the Japanese Ministry for Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), and is jointly hosted by the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and the University of Tokyo's Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR). The T2K experiment was constructed and is operated by an international collaboration, which currently consists of nearly 500 scientists from 68 institutions in 12 countries [Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, USA and Vietnam]. This result is made possible by the efforts of J-PARC to deliver high-quality beam to T2K.
The US T2K collaborating team is composed of 13 institutions [Boston University, University California, Irvine, University of Colorado, Colorado State University, Duke University, University of Houston, Louisiana State University, Michigan State University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh, University of Rochester, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and Stony Brook University] is funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science. The US groups have built super-conducting corrector magnets, proton beam monitor electronics, the second neutrino horn and a GPS time synchronization system for the T2K neutrino beamline; and a pi-zero detector and a side muon range detector (partial detector) in the T2K near detector complex. They are currently participating in an upgrade of the T2K near detector, SuperFGD. They are also part of the team that built, upgraded and operates the Super-Kamiokande detector.
More information about the T2K experiment can be found on the T2K public website (http://t2k-experiment.org).
Media Contacts for Further Inquiries:
(For contacts in Japan and elsewhere in the world, see international media contact information on next page.)
Prof. Chang Kee Jung, US Representative, Stony Brook University (Stony Brook, NY), chang.jung@stonybrook.edu,
Phone: +1 631-707-2018 (c), +1 631-474-4563 (h).
Prof. Daniel Cherdack, University of Houston (Houston, TX), ddcherdack@uh.edu,
Phone: 201-693-6117.
Prof. Edward Kearns, Boston University (Boston, MA), kearns@bu.edu,
Phone: 617-353-3425.
Prof. Thomas Kutter, Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, LA), kutter@phys.lsu.edu, Phone: 225-578-8310.
Prof. Kendall Mahn, Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI), mahn@pa.msu.edu,
Phone: xxx-xxx-xxxx.
Prof. Christopher Mauger, University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA), cmauger@sas.upenn.edu
Phone: xxx-xxx-xxxx.
Prof. Kevin McFarland, University of Rochester (Rochester, NY), kevin@rochester.edu,
Phone: 775-538-4668, 585-275-7076.
Prof. Vittorio Paolone, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA), paolonepitt@gmail.com,
Phone: 412-877-4079.
Prof. Kate Scholberg, Duke University (Durham, NC), schol@phy.duke.edu,
Phone: 919-660-2962.
Prof. Hank Sobel, University of California, Irvine (Irvine, CA), hsobel@uci.edu,
Phone: 949- 824-6431.
Prof. Hiro Tanaka, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University (Menlo Park, CA), tanaka@slac.stanford.edu,
Phone: 650-885-1565
Prof. Walter Toki, Colorado State University (Fort Collin, CO), toki@lamar.colostate.edu,
Phone: 970-491-1548.
Prof. Eric Zimmerman, University of Colorado (Boulder, CO), edz@Colorado.EDU,
Phone: 303-735-5338.
Media Contacts for Further Inquiries (International):
Globally and in Japan:
Dr Atsuko Ichikawa, Spokesperson, T2K Collaboration, Kyoto University (Kyoto, Japan), ichikawa.atsuko.6e@kyoto-u.ac.jp
Phone: +81-75-753-3859
Globally and In Switzerland:
Prof Federico Sánchez, International Co-Spokesperson, T2K Collaboration, Université de Genève, federico.sancheznieto@unige.ch
Phone: +41 22 379 6227
In Canada:
Dr Akira Konaka, TRIUMF (Vancouver, Canada), konaka@triumf.ca
Phone: +1 604 222 1047
In CERN:
Prof Albert De Roeck, CERN, (Geneva, Switzerland) deroeck@mail.cern.ch
Phone : +41 798881352
In France:
Dr Sara Bolognesi, CEA/IRFU (Saclay, France), sara.bolognesi@cea.fr
Phone: +33 1 69 08 14 61
Prof Michel Gonin, IN2P3/Ecole Polytechnique (Palaiseau, France), michel.gonin@polytechnique.edu
Phone : +33 1 69 33 32 20
In Germany:
Dr Stefan Roth, RWTH Aachen University (Aachen, Germany), roth@physik.rwth-aachen.de
Phone: +49 241 80 27296
In Italy:
Dr Maria Gabriella Catanesi, INFN Sezione di Bari (Bari, Italy), gabriella.catanesi@cern.ch
Phone: +41 75 411 1532
Antonella Varaschin: Ufficio per la Comunicazione INFN, antonella.varaschin@presid.infn.it
Phone +39 3495384481
In Poland:
Prof Ewa Rondio, NCBJ, Warsaw (Warsaw, Poland), Ewa.Rondio@ncbj.gov.pl
Phone: +48 501 235 875
In Russia:
Prof Yuri Kudenko, INR (Moscow, Russia), kudenko@inr.ru
Phone: +7-903-6159125 (c), +7-495-8504248 (o)
In Spain:
Dr Thorsten Lux, IFAE, Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain), tlux@ifae.es
Phone: +34 93 170 2702
Prof Anselmo Cervera, IFIC, Valencia (Valencia, Spain), anselmo.cervera@cern.ch
In U.K.:
Prof Dave Wark, STFC/RAL/Daresbury Laboratory/Oxford University (Oxford, U.K.), david.wark@stfc.ac.uk
Phone: +44 7788186085
Prof Morgan Wascko, Imperial College London, m.wascko@imperial.ac.uk
Phone: +44-207-594-3465, +44-7939-592-708
In U.S.A.:
Prof Chang Kee Jung, State University of New York at Stony Brook (Stony Brook, NY, USA), chang.jung@stonybrook.edu
Phone: +1 631-707-2018
About KEK:
Hajime Hikino, PR office, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK, Japan)
press@kek.jp
Phone: +81-29-879-6047
Hiroko Tada, PR office, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK, Japan),
htada@post.kek.jp
Phone: +81-29-864-5638
About ICRR:
Makio Nakamura, PR Office, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo (ICRR, Japan)
icrr-pr@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Phone: +81-4-7136-5148
About J-PARC:
Minako Abe, PR section, J-PARC
pr-section@j-parc.jp
Phone: +81-29-284-4578
Journal
Nature