Sophia Antipolis - 1 July 2020: East Germany has many more hospitalisations for heart failure compared to West Germany despite a nationwide healthcare system, according to research presented today on HFA Discoveries, a scientific platform of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).1
Heart failure is the most common reason for hospital admissions and is responsible for a large part of the total health expenditure on cardiovascular diseases throughout the Western World. A previous study reported that the absolute number of heart failure-related hospitalisations increased by 65% in Germany between 2000 and 2013.2
"Before reunification in 1990, East and West Germany not only had very different social and economic systems but also had distinct healthcare systems," said study author Professor Marcus Dörr of University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
"In East Germany, the system was nearly completely run by the state (e.g. less than 1% of physicians worked in private practice) and there was a substantial shortage of technical equipment (e.g. one ultrasound device per 32,000 inhabitants in East Germany compared to one per 2,500 in West Germany)," continued Professor Dörr. "Since 1990, both regions have the same federal healthcare system with more physicians in private practice and similar clinical care pathways."
This study analysed whether the change to a shared system affected the number and duration of hospitalisations and in-hospital mortality due to heart failure in West and East Germany from 2000 to 2017. The researchers also examined whether the previously described rise in heart failure-related hospitalisations2 continued and occurred equally in both parts of Germany. Data were obtained from Federal Health Monitoring, an annual census of routine inpatient data.3
The researchers found that the absolute number of hospitalisations due to heart failure continued to increase dramatically across Germany and there were substantial differences between regions.
In 2000 to 2017, the absolute number of hospital admissions due to heart failure throughout Germany increased continuously by 93.9% (from 239,694 to 464,724 cases). This increase was much stronger in East than in West Germany (+118.5% vs. +88.3%) and was higher in each of the federal states in East Germany than in every single state in West Germany.
During the same period, there was only a slight increase in the number of hospitalisations for other diagnoses all over Germany. Heart failure was the leading cause of disease-related hospitalisation in Germany in 2017, again with clear differences between East and West Germany (increase from 1.5% to 2.9% in East vs. 1.4 % to 2.2 % in West Germany).
While the overall length of hospital stays decreased continuously over time, the total number of heart failure-related hospital days increased by 50.6% in East and by 34.6% in West Germany.
In 2017, heart failure remained by far the leading cause of in-hospital death in Germany, accounting for 8.2% of deaths. Again, there were substantially higher rates of in-hospital deaths in East Germany (64 and 65 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 2000 and 2017, respectively; an increase of 1.6%) as compared to West Germany (39 and 43 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 2000 and 2017, respectively; an increase of 10.3%).
Professor Dörr said: "As East and West Germany started with different healthcare systems, we hypothesised that heart failure hospitalisation patterns would align after reunification. This hypothesis had to be rejected and, in fact, the opposite was found."
He noted that the observed differences cannot be explained by the different age structures in East and West. The average age of the population in East Germany is four years older than its Western counterpart, but the differences in heart failure-related parameters were similar after standardisation for age and were similar in different age groups.
"A possible explanation for our findings may be found in the varied prevalence of risk factors that impact heart failure development, progression and thereby hospitalisation," said Professor Dörr. "In fact, previous research has shown that, for example, hypertension,4 diabetes,5 and obesity6 are much more common in East than in West Germany."
"Moreover, diversities in the structure of patient care may explain the differences, at least in part," he added. "It can be assumed that not all structures and pathways of the national healthcare system have yet been completely adopted in both parts of Germany."
Professor Dörr concluded: "More research is needed to explain the huge differences observed between East and West Germany. Furthermore, it is of great interest to find out whether such regional differences exist in other European countries. Ultimately, the aim should be to develop and implement solutions that improve heart failure care across Europe in order to mitigate this devastating and deadly disease."
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Notes to editor
Funding: Editorial assistance was funded by Novartis Pharma GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany. There was no influence on the results of the study, their presentation or interpretation.
Disclosures: Dr. Riemer is employee of Novartis; all others have no conflicts to declare.
References and notes
1Abstract title: Hospitalizations due to heart failure: major differences between East and West Germany remaining even 30 years after reunification.
2Christ M, Störk S, Dörr M, et al. Heart failure epidemiology 2000-2013: insights from the German Federal Health Monitoring System. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18:1009-1018.
3The Information System of the Federal Health Monitoring. Available from: http://www.gbe-bund.de/gbe10/pkg_isgbe5.prc_isgbe?p_uid=gast&p_aid=0&p_sprache=E.
4Neuhauser H, Diederichs C, Boeing H, et al. Hypertension in Germany. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113:809-815.
5Schipf S, Ittermann T, Tamayo T, et al. Regional differences in the incidence of self-reported type 2 diabetes in Germany: results from five population-based studies in Germany (DIAB-CORE Consortium). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68:1088-1095.
6Hauner H, Bramlage P, Losch C, et al. Overweight, obesity and high waist circumference: regional differences in prevalence in primary medical care. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2008;105:827-833.
To find out more about heart failure, visit the Heart Failure Matters website. Including information and practical tips on COVID-19 and heart failure.
About HFA Discoveries #HFADiscoveries
HFA Discoveries is an online event from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Explore the scientific programme and register here to access the live sessions.
About the Heart Failure Association
The Heart Failure Association (HFA) is a branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Its aim is to improve quality of life and longevity, through better prevention, diagnosis and treatment of heart failure, including the establishment of networks for its management, education and research.
About the European Society of Cardiology
The European Society of Cardiology brings together health care professionals from more than 150 countries, working to advance cardiovascular medicine and help people lead longer, healthier live