A study of more than 3.5 million Nordic children suggests that the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may increase slightly for each week a child is born before or after 40 weeks of gestation. Martina Persson of the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden and colleagues present these findings in the open-access journal PLOS Medicine.
The causes of ASD are complex and remain unresolved, but they likely involve both genetic and environmental factors. Some previous research suggests that children born before or after their due dates (40 weeks of gestation) may have an elevated risk of ASD. However, most of those studies have been limited in scope and have not accounted for sex and birth weight.
To better understand potential links between gestational age and risk of ASD, Persson and colleagues analyzed medical registry data on more than 3.5 million children born in Sweden, Finland, or Norway between 1995 to 2015. Within that cohort, 1.44 percent of the children were diagnosed with ASD, and 4.7 percent were born pre-term--before 37 weeks of gestation.
The analysis, which covered gestational ages at birth ranging from 22 to 44 weeks, showed that overall risk of ASD was low for every age, especially for girls born post-term (after 42 weeks of gestation). However, the relative risk of ASD increased for each week of gestational age below or above 40 weeks.
Of the children born at term--in weeks 37 to 42--0.83 percent were diagnosed with ASD. The percentage was 1.67 for those born in weeks 22 to 31, 1.08 percent for weeks 32 to 36, and 1.74 for weeks 43 to 44. These differences in risk were independent of sex and birth weight for gestational age.
These findings provide new insights into the potential links between risk of ASD and gestational age at birth--which is potentially modifiable. More research will be needed to clarify these links and investigate whether they could lead to strategies to lower risk by addressing pre-term birth.
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Research Article
Citation: Persson M, Opdahl S, Risnes K, Gross R, Kajantie E, Reichenberg A, et al. (2020) Gestational age and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in Sweden, Finland, and Norway: A cohort study. PLoS Med 17(9): e1003207. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003207
Funding: The study was supported by grants from the European Union (H2020-SC1: PM04-2016), the Seaver Foundation (senior research fellowship for MP), The Swedish Society of Medicine (grant for MP), RECAP Academy of Finland (grant no 315690, for EK), Foundation for Pediatric Research, Novo Nordisk Foundation (EK), Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation (EK), and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation (EK). The sponsors were not involved in study design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination of our research. Patients or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, or reporting, or dissemination of our research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors MP, SO, KR, RG, AR, MG, and SS have declared no competing interests. I have read the journal's policy and the author EK of this manuscript has the following competing interests: "Grants from the European Commission (733280 RECAP), Academy of Finland, Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, Foundation of Pediatric Research, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Diabetes Research Foundation.
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PLoS Medicine