Cancer immunotherapy is the manipulation of the immune responses naturally present in the human body to fight cancer. Often, these immune responses are blocked by cells or molecules that prevent them from killing cancer cells, and the tumour is able to establish itself and grow.
In 2004, Sophie Lucas, researcher at the University of Louvain de Duve Institute, began studying the blocking of immune defences in tumours in order to understand the functioning of cells that are said to be 'immunosuppressive' (which block the body's immune responses). The goal was to identify and remove them, thus stimulating antibodies to act against the tumour. The identified culprits are regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs): highly immunosuppressive cells in cancer patients. In 2009, Prof. Lucas discovered GARP, a molecule located on the surface of Tregs.
In 2018, Prof. Lucas finally managed to understand the role of GARP: the molecule acts as a messenger for Tregs, by sending signals that block immune responses. She is developing a tool (anti-GARP antibodies) to neutralise and prevent the messenger from sending its blocking signals. This important discovery was published in the journal Science.
In August 2020, Nature Communications published the results of the first tests carried out by Prof. Lucas and her team. The tests are very promising: UCLouvain scientists succeeded in neutralising Tregs in cancerous mice using anti-GARP antibodies. If the messenger is neutralised, immune responses are not blocked and can again eliminate cancer cells. The tumour regresses quickly provided the anti-GARP antibodies are combined with another proven immunotherapy (anti-PD1 antibodies). Thus the UCLouvain team combines two complementary immunotherapy approaches, acting in different ways on the immune system, to increase the effectiveness of cancer treatment. And it works!
What's next? Conducting these same tests on humans to provide a more effective therapeutic solution in the fight against cancer.
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Journal
Nature Communications