Relationship value and economic value are evaluated by the same part of the brain

Wishing a friend happy birthday or spending a long period of time listening to their problems signifies commitment to the friendship. In other words, these actions serve as commitment signals (*1) and it is known that people value their relationships more with others who behave this way towards them.

Researchers from several Japanese universities have revealed that the orbitofrontal cortex, the part of the brain responsible for calculating economic value, is also responsible for judging the value of relationships with friends based on the received commitment signals.

The research group consisted of Professor OHTSUBO Yohsuke (Graduate School of Humanities, Kobe University), Professor OHIRA Hideki (Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University), Aichi Medical University's Lecturer MATSUNAGA Masahiro (and the Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine research team), and Lecturer HIMICHI Toshiyuki (Kochi University of Technology).

These findings were published in the online edition of 'Social Neuroscience' on September 25.

Main Points

• The researchers investigated whether valuable friendships and valuable objects are processed differently or in the same manner in the brain.
• Actions that involve spending time on a friend or paying attention to them serve as commitment signals.
• The orbitofrontal cortex in the brain is activated in response to these commitment signals.
• It is known that the orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for calculating economic value.
• The results of this study suggest that relationship value and economic value are calculated in the same way.

Research Background

Many people feel happy when their friends spend time on them and pay attention to them; consequently this makes them consider the relationship to be important. This is true even if the other person's actions do not give profitable results. For example, if someone listens to your worries, this will strengthen your sense of the friendship's importance, even if they were unable to resolve the problem.

The research team investigated which part of the brain is responsible for judging the value of relationships with other people according to information indicating the other person's commitment to the relationship (commitment signals).

Research Methodology and Findings

In order to identify which part of the brain judges the value of relationships with other people, the researchers had a total of 22 male and female participants in their twenties react to situations (like in Figure 1) while measuring their brain function using fMRI (*2). Participants were given a total of 30 variations on the situations with a specific friend, and they were asked to imagine that each situation happened separately.

For example, one of the situations involves having a meal with a friend on your birthday (as shown in Figure 1). This situation was divided into three commitment signal conditions: 'High-Cost Signal', 'Low-Cost Signal' and 'Signal Failure'. In the 'High-Cost Signal' variation, the friend bought you dinner for your birthday (which costs the friend economically). In the 'Low-Cost Signal' variation, the friend only wished you happy birthday (which does not cost the friend economically) and in the 'Signal Failure' scenario, the friend did not mention your birthday. There were 10 situations, each with 3 conditions ('High-Cost Signal', 'Low-Cost Signal' and 'Signal Failure') making for a total of 30 scenarios. Participants repeatedly evaluated on a scale of 0 (weak) to 100 (strong) as to whether their friend's behavior in each scenario would strengthen or weaken their relationship.

The experiment results revealed high levels of activity in the part of the brain known as the orbitofrontal cortex (Figure 2 A). The orbitofrontal cortex was most active during the 'High-Cost Signal' scenarios, whereas activity was weakest during the 'Signal Failure' scenarios (statistically significant difference was only found between these 2 types of scenario) (Figure 2 B).

It is known the orbitofrontal cortex also calculates economic value. For example, in one study by a different research group, hungry participants were presented with various snacks and told that they could actually buy and eat them after the experiment. They were then asked to evaluate how much money they would be willing to pay for them. In this experiment, the participants' brains assigned value to the snacks and the orbitofrontal cortex was active during their evaluation.

The results from the current study suggest that the brain automatically judges and re-evaluates relationship value upon receiving a commitment signal from a friend, in the same way that it responded in the experiment where participants were given snacks.

Further Research

The research group also measured the loneliness of each participant in a questionnaire given prior to the experiment. The results indicated the likelihood that orbitofrontal cortex activity is weak in people with higher levels of loneliness. It is not clear whether those with strong feelings of loneliness feel alone more easily because they are not very sensitive to commitment signals from friends, or if they block this information as their loneliness increases. It is necessary to conduct more research in order to confirm the relationship between loneliness and orbitofrontal cortex activity and also to understand why loneliness is linked to commitment signal-related sensitivity. It is hoped that further research developments will lead to understanding of the mechanisms for establishing better relationships.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (KAKENHI 15H03447).

Glossary

1. Commitment Signal: Commitment signals refer to actions performed by a person which signify their commitment to a relationship with another. People don't tend to spend time on or pay attention to those whom they are not interested in. Therefore, the recipient of such actions understands that their friend is committed to the relationship. This is called a signal because the level of commitment to the relationship is communicated through behavior rather than through deliberately telling the recipient.

2. fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging): Method of observing brain function in living things by using MRI to image changes in the blood flow in the brain or spinal cord.

Journal Information

Title

Role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the computation of relationship value
DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2020.1828164

Authors
Yohsuke Ohtsubo, Masahiro Matsunaga, Toshiyuki Himichi, Kohta Suzuki, Eiji Shibata, Reiko Hori, Tomohiro Umemura & Hideki Ohira

Journal
Social Neuroscience

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