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(Top) Hemoglobin is present in the nucleolus of astrocytes. When astrocytic hemoglobin is knocked down, KDS12025 loses its effect, confirming that the drug’s antioxidant action is mediated through astrocytic hemoglobin. (Bottom) In Alzheimer’s mice, astrocytes (green, GFAP) are atrophied and hemoglobin (purple, Hbβ) is reduced, whereas KDS12025 treatment restores astrocyte morphology and hemoglobin expression.
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Institute for Basic Science
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