The immunomodulatory roles of immune cell-derived neurotransmitters in tissue homeostasis and disease pathogenesis (IMAGE)
Caption
Immune cell-derived neurotransmitters act in autocrine and paracrine modes to regulate tissue homeostasis and modulate disease progression in autoimmune disorders, cancer progression and infectious diseases. Abbreviations: ACh, acetylcholine; NE, norepinephrine; DA, dopamine; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; 5-HT, serotonin; Mφ, macrophage; DC, dendritic cell; ILC2, group 2 innate lymphoid cell; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IFN, interferon; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor.
Credit
Professor Liwei Lu from the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Image source link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44466-026-00028-2
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