Transmission of knowledge (IMAGE)
Caption
The final page of Dār al-Kutub al-Ẓāhiriyyah manuscript MS 3819, Damascus. In the Islamic scholarly tradition, knowledge was considered most authoritative when transmitted through a living chain of teachers and students. Even after books became widely available, texts were typically read aloud by a teacher, heard by students, checked against an authorized copy, and authenticated through samāʿ records and other scholarly endorsements.
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Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.162.02.
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