Temporal trends of global damage and management costs (IMAGE)
Caption
Fig. 1 | Temporal trend of global invasion costs (in millions of 2017 US dollars) between 1970 and 2017. The solid line represents the temporal dynamics of costs based on a linear regression (see Extended Data Fig. 2 and Supplementary Methods 1 for details). The dashed line connects the mean annual costs for each decade and the horizontal dotted line indicates the mean annual cost for the entire period (see Methods, 'Approach based on available estimates' for details). The horizontal bars indicate the total time span over which decadal mean costs were calculated. The last three years (displayed as triangles) were not included in the model calibration; they are data-deficient and probably contribute to the artefactual decrease in global costs during the past decade (Supplementary Methods 1). We considered 1,319 cost estimates from the original database after successive processing steps (see Supplementary Data 1). Fig. 2 | Temporal trends of global damage and management costs (in millions of 2017 US dollars) based on both mean annual costs for each decade and model prediction between 1970 and 2017. Damage comprises economic losses due to direct and/or indirect impacts of invaders, such as yield loss, illness, land alteration, infrastructure damage or income reduction. Management includes economic resources allocated to actions to avoid the invasion or to deal with more or less established invaders such as prevention, control, research, long-term management or eradication. Regression lines were obtained by robust regression to minimize the effect of outliers (Supplementary Methods 1). Note that the error bands represent the 95% confidence intervals. The last three years (displayed as triangles) were not included in the model calibration. We considered 1,287 cost estimates (n = 402 estimates for damage costs; n = 878 estimates for management costs) from the original database (see Supplementary Data 1).
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