The black spots on salmon fillets contain melanin indeed

Even >20% of the fillets of Atlantic salmon may have unattractive black and red spots, which are often >1 cm and create substantial financial losses. The spots are far more abundant in reared than in wild salmon, and their causes are poorly understood. Realizing that the biochemistry of the spots should be clarified, Professor Turid Mørkøre of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences turned to two leaders in melanin biochemistry science, Professor Kazumasa Wakamatsu and Professor Shosuke Ito of Fujita Health University, Japan. These researchers found that the black spots contain a melanin called eumelanin and that the red spots do not detectably contain melanin. The biochemical discontinuity between the red and black spots supports that their pigments derive from distinct cellular origins, being red blood cells and melanomacrophages (fish macrophages with dark pigment), respectively. Although within expectations, the finding is an important step toward understanding the spots problem, and the study was published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Wakamatsu et al. 2023 [1]).

In the last decades, the occurrence of focal discolorations on filets from Atlantic salmon muscle has become an increasing problem for commercial seafood farming, affecting a substantial part of the fillets. The reasons for the spots are mysterious, although several plausible theories have been put forward, and most likely there are multiple different causes. The spots are roughly categorized as either “red spots” or “black spots,” and are also known as “red focal changes” and “melanized focal changes.” However, a proper biochemical analysis of the black spots had never been performed, and the suggestion of them containing melanin was mostly based on the staining with Fontana Masson which is only relatively specific for melanin. Intermediate forms between red spots and black spots have been found, leading to a concept shared by many that black spots are usually derived from red spots.

Melanin is a very large, highly irregular heteropolymer consisting of monomeric units derived from the enzymatic oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine, and there are several types of melanin. Professors Wakamatsu and Ito are melanin specialists who established a panel of biochemical assays for characterizing multiple types of melanins for different species, varying between human melanoma patients and fossilized animals like dinosaurs (e.g., reference [2]). Applying these assays to spots on fillets of Atlantic salmon from Norway, they found that the black spots contain the black pigment “eumelanin,” which is also present in human hair and skin, whereas for the red spots they could not conclude the presence of melanin [1]. In the red spots, however, they did find some DOPA-derived products that are suggestive of an oxidative environment consistent with hemorrhage [1].

Importantly, the findings by Wakamatsu et al. [1] revealed that there is no biochemical continuity between the pigments of the red and black spots, which supports earlier histology-driven hypotheses that red spots are caused by hemorrhage and black spots by local accumulations of melanomacrophages in chronic local immune reactions. Melanomacrophages are immune cells only found in ectothermic vertebrates including fish, amphibians, and reptiles. By inference, the new study by Wakamatsu et al. [1] implies that the black pigment in melanomacrophages is eumelanin, which had not been properly determined before.

Hemorrhages can have a variety of causes, not each hemorrhage leads to chronic inflammation with melanomacrophages, and melanomacrophages can also accumulate for reasons other than hemorrhage. Therefore, the distinct cellular origin of red and black spots, as supported by their biochemical discontinuity shown by Wakamatsu et al. [1], implies that researchers should expect an assortment of possible causes for the different spots and not try to find a “one model fits all” explanation.

Professor Erling Koppang, a Norwegian specialist on salmon fillet spots who was not involved in this study, explains: “The study by Wakamatsu and coworkers is an important component in the characterization of pigmented lesions in the Atlantic salmon and falls nicely in line with our group's previous identification of the expression of tyrosinase [a gene necessary for melanin production] in black changes [3]. Now we know with certainty that the final product is as we have expected, which is important for moving forward in trying to prohibit these lesions."

About the authors

Professor Kazumasa Wakamatsu and Professor Shosuke Ito of the Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University (FHU), Toyoake, Japan, have been working together for many decades on the biochemistry of melanin. Professor Turid Mørkøre of the Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway, has been working for decades on the science of factors that affect the commercial value of salmon. Associate Professor Johannes M. Dijkstra is a university research administrator at FHU and has more than 20 years of experience in fish immunology research.

References

[1] Wakamatsu K, Dijkstra JM, Mørkøre T, Ito S. Eumelanin Detection in Melanized Focal Changes but Not in Red Focal Changes on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023, 24, 16797. doi: 10.3390/ijms242316797.

[2] Lindgren et al. Soft-tissue evidence for homeothermy and crypsis in a Jurassic ichthyosaur. Nature 2018, 564, 359-65. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0775-x.

[3] Larsen HA, Austbø L, Nødtvedt A, Fraser TW, Rimstad E, Fjelldal PG, Hansen T, Koppang EO. The effect of vaccination, ploidy and smolt production regime on pathological melanin depositions in muscle tissue of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 2014, 37, 327-40. doi: 10.1111/jfd.12106.