Coupling quantum mechanical simulations and artificial intelligence paves way for screening new superconductors

The Problem
Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity without resistance and are essential for several technological advancements, which include medical imaging and energy-efficient technology. However, most known superconductors operate under extreme conditions such as extremely low temperatures or high pressures, which limit their practical use. A class of promising superconducting materials are hydride compounds that possess high superconducting transition temperatures (i.e., H₃S and LaH₁₀) under ultrahigh pressures (several hundred GPa). Screening the entire space of potential new hydride-based materials that are superconducting at higher temperatures and under manageable conditions remains a significant challenge in physics and materials science.

The Solution
Researchers Dr. Daniel Wines and Dr. Kamal Choudhary from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have leveraged a combination of quantum mechanics-based density functional theory (DFT) and artificial intelligence (AI) to address this challenge. By integrating these methods, they developed an approach that enhances the prediction and discovery process for potential hydride superconductors.

The Results
The researchers used high-throughput DFT calculations to predict the critical temperature of over 900 hydride materials under a range of pressures, finding over 120 structures with superior superconducting properties compared to MgB₂, which has a critical temperature of 39 K. To expedite the screening process and significantly reduce computational costs, they trained a graph neural network (GNN) model based on atomic structure that can instantly predict superconducting transition temperatures under various pressure conditions.

The Future
The data-driven approaches established by the NIST team provide a framework that can be used to screen new hydride superconductors in a faster and more efficient way. The integration of high-throughput quantum mechanical (DFT) simulations with machine learning can accelerate the prediction process prior to more costly experimental investigation. Looking to the future, the field of high-pressure hydride superconductors is evolving rapidly. To continue advancing the field, it is critical to increase the volume of unique and high-quality data that is publicly available, which can in turn enhance the accuracy of machine learning models.

Daniel Wines states: “As researchers across the world continue to push the boundaries of materials science, the role of high-quality, publicly available datasets becomes more crucial. Relevant data can aid in refining our models and enhancing our predictive capabilities, which can lead to faster and more accurate discoveries.”

The team at NIST encourages collaborative efforts and open sharing of data, which could be facilitated by platforms such as JARVIS (Joint Automated Repository for Various Integrated Simulations, https://jarvis.nist.gov/), which is an open access infrastructure hosted by NIST designed to automate materials discovery. 

The Impact
High temperature superconductors have the potential to revolutionize technologies across several industries. This work not only showcases the synergy of combining quantum mechanical simulations with AI, but also paves a path towards a future where the dream of a room-temperature superconductor may one day be realized.

This work has been recently published in Materials Futures.
Daniel Wines, Kamal Choudhary “Data-driven Design of High Pressure Hydride Superconductors using DFT and Deep Learning.”
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2752-5724/ad4a94