A unified framework for magnetically responsive microstructured surfaces
image: This schematic illustrates the classification of Magnetically Responsive Microstructured Functional Surfaces (MRMFSs) into one-dimensional linear arrays, two-dimensional planar arrays, and dynamic self-assembly types, each responding to magnetic fields through distinct deformation modes. These structures enable a range of applications, including droplet and solid manipulation, light control, triboelectric nanogenerators, information encryption, and soft robotics.
Credit: By Jian Wang, Xingyi Song, Chaochao Wang, Yumei Zhou, Ri Chen, Yong Yang, Bin Liu, Yihao Zheng, Hui Li, Wei Zhou and Lelun Jiang
Magnetically responsive microstructured functional surfaces (MRMFSs) offer a remote, reversible, and non-invasive approach to controlling microscale structures, with promising applications in advanced technologies. As their structural diversity and functional capabilities continue to expand, MRMFSs have been explored for use in droplet/light manipulation, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), soft robotics, and beyond.
Published in the International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, researchers from Sun Yat-sen University, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and others present a unified framework for the design and fabrication of MRMFSs, aimed at guiding the development of advanced functional materials and systems for real-world applications beyond natural limitations.
The review provides a comprehensive summary of current progress in the field, covering design strategies, deformation mechanisms, fabrication techniques, and emerging applications. It also outlines future directions to better align MRMFS performance with real-world functional requirements.
MRMFSs are generally categorized into three types based on morphology: one-dimensional linear array MRMFSs, two-dimensional planar array MRMFSs, and dynamic self-assembly MRMFSs. Each type exhibits characteristic deformation behaviors such as bending, rotation, or reconfiguration under magnetic fields, enabling precise control at the microscale.
To fabricate various MRMFSs, a range of strategies has been employed. Conventional methods like replica molding and magnetization-induced self-assembly remain widely used, while newer approaches such as laser cutting and ferrofluid-infused surfaces offer greater flexibility for creating more complex and programmable structures.
With continued advancements, MRMFSs are increasingly being integrated into systems for micromanipulation, sensing, and soft robotics. “These materials are no longer just responsive, they are becoming active components in intelligent systems,” the authors note, reflecting a growing interest in multifunctional and adaptive surfaces.
Drawing from recent studies and practical needs, the review identifies three major development trends for MRMFSs: controllable fabrication, programmable deformation, and multifunctionality. However, several challenges remain. Existing fabrication methods often involve trade-offs between cost, precision, and complexity. For instance, replica molding supports only limited deformation modes, and laser cutting struggles with intricate geometries. While 3D printing offers potential, it requires further refinement for scalable and high-precision manufacturing.
Programmability is another key limitation. Although techniques such as controllable magnetic fields and geometric design have enabled partial control, a universal and precise strategy has yet to be achieved. “Enhancing the programmability of MRMFSs will be essential for enabling more sophisticated micromanipulation tasks,” the authors note. In addition, functional customization, particularly at the level of individual microstructures in densely packed arrays, remains a challenge and calls for new material designs and improved magnetic field control technologies.
Looking ahead, the researchers see strong potential for MRMFSs in next-generation functional surfaces and devices. “By advancing design, fabrication, and control strategies, and translating laboratory findings into real-world technologies, MRMFSs can play an increasingly important role across materials science and engineering,” said Prof. Lelun Jiang.
About IJEM:
International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing (IF: 16.1, consecutive 1st in the Engineering, Manufacturing category) is a multidisciplinary and double-anonymous peer-reviewed journal uniquely publishing original articles and reviews of the highest quality and impact in the areas related to extreme manufacturing, ranging from fundamentals to process, measurement, and systems, as well as materials, structures, and devices with extreme functionalities.
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