Scientists unravel mystery of Mycetoma grain formation

Osaka, Japan – A groundbreaking study led by a global research consortium offers new hope for patients with mycetoma, a neglected tropical disease. Researchers using an insect model and transcriptome analysis have unravelled the mechanism of iron regulation between host tissue and the mycetoma grain, a fungal mass characteristic of the disease. This discovery illuminates how the causative fungus invades and develops these protective grains within subcutaneous tissue, paving the way for new drug development and less invasive treatment strategies beyond surgical removal, potentially reducing the burden on patients significantly.

Mycetoma, a chronic infectious disease affecting impoverished communities, is characterized by the development of black grains within infected tissue. These grains shield the causative fungus from the immune system and antifungal agents, making treatment challenging and often requiring surgery or amputation. Until now, the process of grain formation has remained largely unknown.

A research group led by Specially Appointed Professor Imad Abugessaisa(full time), in collaboration with Associate Professor Wendy van de Sande from Erasmus University Medical Center in the Netherlands, headed a consortium from RIKEN IMS (Japan), Erasmus MC (Netherlands), Maynooth University (Ireland), and the Mycetoma Research Center (WHO collaborating center on Mycetoma and Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases, Sudan). The team used state-of-the-art histology techniques, omics technologies, and computational biology to unravel the formation and development of mycetoma grains.

In their study, the consortium used an invertebrate model, Galleria mellonella, in which they could follow grain formation over time. By performing RNA analysis at different time points, they demonstrated that iron homeostasis in both host and pathogen plays an important role in mycetoma grain formation. These findings are an important milestone in the field of mycetoma research. Although the presence of grains was documented as early as 1840, how these grains form and which processes in both host and pathogen contribute have remained a mystery until now.

In this extensive study, the consortium showed that the primary mycetoma causative agent produces siderophores, fungal molecules that are excreted to scavenge iron and bring it back to the fungal cell. Furthermore, the amount of iron within the host appears to be important in either containing the fungus inside the grain or allowing it to grow actively outside the grain. Therefore, interfering with iron uptake might be a promising target for drug discovery.

Reflecting on the journey leading to this achievement, Professor Imad Abugessaisa stated, “In Wad Onsa, Sudan, a village with the world's highest prevalence of mycetoma, the disease leaves many disabled and impoverished, especially young people. Determined to make a difference, I partnered with Dr. Wendy van de Sande and secured funding from various organizations, including RIKEN, Erasmus MC, JSPS, and the GHIT Fund, to research this neglected disease. This publication highlights the importance of collaboration in achieving scientific breakthroughs and addressing societal needs.”

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The article, “Iron regulatory pathways differentially expressed during Madurella mycetomatis grain development in Galleria mellonella,” will be published in Nature Communications at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60875-2.

About The University of Osaka

The University of Osaka was founded in 1931 as one of the seven imperial universities of Japan and is now one of Japan's leading comprehensive universities with a broad disciplinary spectrum. This strength is coupled with a singular drive for innovation that extends throughout the scientific process, from fundamental research to the creation of applied technology with positive economic impacts. Its commitment to innovation has been recognized in Japan and around the world, being named Japan's most innovative university in 2015 (Reuters 2015 Top 100) and one of the most innovative institutions in the world in 2017 (Innovative Universities and the Nature Index Innovation 2017). Now, Osaka University is leveraging its role as a Designated National University Corporation selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to contribute to innovation for human welfare, sustainable development of society, and social transformation.

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