Radiotherapy of cancer: Toward better control of the proton beam

Modern methods of radiotherapy would fight cancer more effectively and safely if treatments could be planned taking into account the radiation quality of the therapeutic proton beams. An achievement by physicists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow brings us closer to this goal.

 

 

In today's medicine, the relation is simple: if we want the cancer treatment to be more effective and safer for the patient, we usually have to invest in better irradiation equipment, which in the case of modern proton beams means costs running into tens of millions of euros. It turns out, however, that an improvement in treatment is achievable at a relatively low cost using the equipment already in operation, thanks to a solution presented by a team of physicists from the Cyclotron Centre Bronowice (CCB) of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) in Cracow. The innovation, which can be applied with the equipment already in use, allows medical physicists, at the therapy planning stage, to verify a parameter not previously exploited in clinical practice: the quality of the proton beam.

 

“When we take the quality of the radiation beam into account, we are able to determine the biological effect of radiation more precisely and destroy cancer cells more effectively, while reducing damage to healthy tissues. Modern proton therapy planning software allows this parameter to be taken into account. In practice, nobody does it, and one of the reasons for this is that until now, there has been no quick and simple method for experimental verification of radiation quality. We have shown that there is a practical solution to this problem that is cheap and easy to implement,” says Dr. Jan Gajewski (IFJ PAN).

 

In the fight against cancer cells, doctors currently use irradiation mainly with photons, while only a small number of patients undergoing radiotherapy can benefit from proton therapy. Two facts are key here. Firstly, when a beam of high-energy particles interacts with the cellular DNA molecules, it damages them, eventually causing cell death. Secondly, cancer cells are generally more sensitive to radiation than healthy, normal tissue cells that can efficiently repair DNA damage. How the therapeutic beam is administered becomes critical. To avoid later complications, such as necrosis of healthy tissue, the beam should interact with cells within the tumour only. This is, however, not possible, because radiation must typically cross normal tissue to reach the tumour. At the same time, the entire volume of the tumour with some surrounding healthy tissue must be irradiatedsafety. This is because, in practice, if some of the cancer cells survive the treatment, the recurrence is often more dangerous than the primary tumour.

 

All radiotherapy treatments are carefully planned. The physician first determines the extent of the cancerous lesion and then, using specialised software, plans a series of treatment fractions typically spanning over weeks. Physicans and physicists together precisely determine the directions from which the tumour will be irradiated, the energies of the particles to be used, the intensity of the beam, as well as irradiation duration. Apropriate treatment  planning later makes it possible to deliver a lethal dose of radiation to the tumour volume while minimising damage to healthy tissue. However, planning alone is not enough. In order to confirm that the therapeutic dose conforms with the developed treatment plan, before each treatment the medical physicist must measure the distributions of radiation doses the patient will receive.

 

If the therapeutic beam consists of photons, they all interact similarly with the cells encountered in the patient body. When it comes to the biological effects of irradiation, physicists talk about the quality of the radiation, which for photons will be the same at each irradiated point. Protons behave differently when slowing down: initially, they lose little energy, but the slower they are, the more rapidly they lose energy. As a result, the proton beam deposits most of its energy at the end of its path, at a well-defined depth inside the patient body. The quality of such a proton beam is significantly different from that of a photon beam commonly used in radiation therapy.

 

A physical parameter called Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is used to describe the quality of radiation that influences the biological effect. It carries information about how much energy a particle deposits over a fixed distance along its path and how this loss varies with the energy of the particle. Preparing treatment plans taking into account the LET parameter is not a problem today. Unfortunately, current clinical practice lacks instruments and measurement techniques to verify the distribution of linear energy transfer directly in the clinical environment of radiotherapy.

 

During research carried out at CCB using a proton beam from the Proteus C-235 cyclotron, scientists from IFJ PAN used a commercially available Timepix3 detector to characterise the LET parameter. This small and relatively easy-to-use detector is a result of the work of the Medipix3 Collaboration, formed in 2005 at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) with a view to broad applications of technical solutions developed for particle tracking in high-energy physics experiments. The numerous applications of the Timepix detectors are an exemplary demonstration of how pioneering physics research, seemingly disconnected from everyday reality, translates into improvements in the quality of human life.

 

“The Timepix3 detector is equipped with a 300 micrometer thick silicon sensor. Its readout electronics is a 256 by 256 pixel matrix, which allows acquistion of single particle tracks. The response of each pixel depends on the energy it registers. This information, together with the track parameters, allows – using artificial intelligence methods – the identification of a single proton and the estimation of its LET parameter. The proposed methodology makes it possible to characterise LET under irradiation conditions compatible with therapeutic plans, which was a key challenge for us,” explains doctoral student Paulina Stasica-Dudek (IFJ PAN), first author of the article published in the journal Physics in Medicine & Biology.

 

Before the method for measuring the quality of proton beams proposed by the Cracow physicists becomes everyday practice, a technical hurdle will have to be overcome. Modern medical cyclotrons produce beams for clinical use, i.e., of high intensity. Meanwhile, measurements carried out with Timepix detectors require low-intensity beams. It is known, however, that this problem can be solved by cyclotron manufacturers with an appropriate update to the software controlling the intensity of the beam produced by a cyclotron.

 

“For the first time, we can speak of a practically ready-to-implement method of measuring the quality of the radiation beam directly in proton therapy facilities. Its dissemination is a way to improve the efficiency and safety of modern proton therapy and more advanced irradiation methods using helium, carbon or oxygen ion beams,” says Dr. Antoni Ruciński, professor at IFJ PAN, summarising the work of the team.

 

Research on the methodology for measuring the quality of radiation beams was carried out under the LIDER XII grant from the National Centre for Research and Development (Poland).

 

 

The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ PAN) is currently one of the largest research institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences. A wide range of research carried out at IFJ PAN covers basic and applied studies, from particle physics and astrophysics, through hadron physics, high-, medium-, and low-energy nuclear physics, condensed matter physics (including materials engineering), to various applications of nuclear physics in interdisciplinary research, covering medical physics, dosimetry, radiation and environmental biology, environmental protection, and other related disciplines. The average yearly publication output of IFJ PAN includes over 600 scientific papers in high-impact international journals. Each year the Institute hosts about 20 international and national scientific conferences. One of the most important establishments of the Institute is the Bronowice Cyclotron Centre (CCB), which is an infrastructure unique in Central Europe, serving as a clinical and research centre in the field of medical and nuclear physics. In addition, IFJ PAN runs four accredited research and measurement laboratories. IFJ PAN is a member of the Marian Smoluchowski Kraków Research Consortium: “Matter-Energy-Future”, which in 2012-2017 enjoyed the status of the Leading National Research Centre (KNOW) in physics. In 2017, the European Commission granted the Institute the HR Excellence in Research award. As a result of the categorization of the Ministry of Education and Science, the Institute has been classified into the A+ category (the highest scientific category in Poland) in the field of physical sciences.

 

 

CONTACTS:

 

Dr. Eng. Jan Gajewski

Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Science

tel.: +48 12 3996136

email: jan.gajewski@ifj.edu.pl

 

 

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS:

 

“Experimental validation of LET in intensity-modulated proton therapy with a miniaturized pixel detector”

P. Stasica-Dudek, C. Granja, R. Kopeć, D. Krzempek, C. Oancea, A. Ruciński, M. Rydygier, M. Winiarz, J. Gajewski

Physics in Medicine & Biology 2025, 70, 095007

DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/adcaf9

 

 

LINKS:

 

http://www.ifj.edu.pl/

The website of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences.

 

http://press.ifj.edu.pl/

Press releases of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences.

 

 

IMAGES:

 

IFJ250718b_fot01s.jpg

HR: http://press.ifj.edu.pl/news/2025/07/18/IFJ250718b_fot01.jpg

The irradiation station at the Bronowice Cyclotron Center. PhD student Paulina Stasica-Dudek from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences presents the detector used to measure the quality of the proton beam. (Source: IFJ PAN)

 

 

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