A small area of the brain may be associated with schizophrenia risk, new research finds

WASHINGTON, D.C., Nov. 3, 2025 — New research published online in the American Journal of Psychiatry provides new molecular insights into the role of the habenula, a pea-sized brain region that helps regulate motivation and mood, in contributing to the risk of schizophrenia. A team of researchers at Lieber Institute for Brain Development and Johns Hopkins found that many schizophrenia-related molecular changes appear to be specific to this region, suggesting the habenula could be a potential target for future treatments.
 

Schizophrenia is a heritable disorder, and a combination of multiple genetic variants contributes to it. This study sought to understand how molecular changes in the habenula region of the brain contribute to development of schizophrenia. The authors note that they focused on the habenula because of its “emerging role in psychiatric disorders and functional influence on neurotransmitter systems impacted in schizophrenia.”
 

The study team, led by Ege A. Yalcinbas, Ph.D., used cutting-edge molecular techniques to analyze postmortem human brains, resulting in the creation of the first cell-by-cell and within cell gene expression map of the human habenula (Hb). They then compared brain tissue from 35 individuals with schizophrenia and 33 nonpsychiatric donors. Their analyses identified numerous genes that demonstrated schizophrenia-related alterations in expression and many of these appeared to be unique to the habenula region. Additionally, 16 of the genes that had altered expression patterns overlapped with genes demonstrated to be associated with the risk to develop schizophrenia. The authors suggest the results “provide evidence that the Hb contributes to the causative genetic architecture of schizophrenia.”
 

They also found genes associated with nicotine dependence in the habenula, which is significant because of the greatly increased risk of smoking among people with schizophrenia.
 

 “This work is important as it has uncovered alterations in the expression of specific genes in the habenula, a relatively under-investigated brain region, that may be related to the pathophysiology and/or etiology of schizophrenia,” said AJP Editor in Chief Ned Kalin, M.D.
 

The authors suggest the need for additional research and acknowledge several limitations of the study, including that it cannot determine cause and effect and included a small sample only from men of European descent.
 

Read the full study, Transcriptomic Analysis of the Human Habenula in Schizophrenia.
 

American Psychiatric Association
The American Psychiatric Association, founded in 1844, is the oldest medical association in the country. The APA is also the largest psychiatric association in the world with more than 39,200 physician members specializing in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and research of mental illnesses. APA’s vision is to ensure access to quality psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. For more information, please visit www.psychiatry.org.