UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 00:01 GMT WEDNESDAY 19 NOVEMBER 2025 / 19:01 ET TUESDAY 18 NOVEMBER 2025

Ape ancestors and Neanderthals likely kissed, new analysis finds

A new study led by the University of Oxford has found evidence that kissing evolved in the common ancestor of humans and other large apes around 21 million years ago, and that Neanderthals likely engaged in kissing too. The findings have been published today (19 November) in Evolution and Human Behavior.

Kissing occurs in a variety of animals, but presents an evolutionary puzzle: it appears to carry high risks, such as disease transmission, while offering no obvious reproductive or survival advantage. Despite kissing carrying cultural and emotional significance in many human societies, up to now researchers have paid little attention to its evolutionary history.

In the new study, the researchers carried out the first attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history of kissing using a cross-species approach based on the primate family tree. The results indicate that kissing is an ancient trait in the large apes, evolving in the ancestor to that group 21.5 - 16.9 million years ago. Kissing was retained over the course of evolution and is still present in most of the large apes.

The team also found that our extinct human relatives, Neanderthals, were likely to have engaged in kissing too. This finding, together with previous studies showing that humans and Neanderthals shared oral microbes (via saliva transfer) and genetic material (via interbreeding), strongly suggests that humans and Neanderthals kissed one another.

Dr Matilda Brindle, lead author and evolutionary biologist at Oxford’s Department of Biology, said: "This is the first time anyone has taken a broad evolutionary lens to examine kissing. Our findings add to a growing body of work highlighting the remarkable diversity of sexual behaviours exhibited by our primate cousins.”

To run the analyses, the team first defined what constitutes a kiss. This was challenging, because many mouth-to-mouth behaviours look like kissing. Since the researchers were exploring kissing across different species, the definition also needed to be applicable to a wide range of animals. They therefore defined kissing as non-aggressive, mouth-to-mouth contact that did not involve food transfer.

Having established this definition, the researchers collected data from the literature on which modern primate species have been observed kissing, focusing on the group of monkeys and apes that evolved in Africa, Europe and Asia. This included chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans, all of which have been observed kissing.

They then ran a phylogenetic analysis; treating kissing as a ‘trait’ and mapping this to the family tree of primates. They used a statistical approach (called Bayesian modelling) to simulate different evolution scenarios along the branches of the tree, to estimate the probability that different ancestors also engaged in kissing. The model was run 10 million times to give robust statistical estimates.

Professor Stuart West, co-author and Professor of Evolutionary Biology at Oxford, said: "By integrating evolutionary biology with behavioural data, we’re able to make informed inferences about traits that don’t fossilise - like kissing. This lets us study social behaviour in both modern and extinct species."

While the researchers caution that existing data are limited - particularly outside the large apes - the study offers a framework for future work, and provides a way for primatologists to record kissing behaviours in nonhuman animals using a consistent definition.

“While kissing may seem like an ordinary or universal behaviour, it is only documented in 46% of human cultures," said Catherine Talbot, co-author and Assistant Professor in the College of Psychology at Florida Institute of Technology. "The social norms and context vary widely across societies, raising the question of whether kissing is an evolved behaviour or cultural invention. This is the first step in addressing that question.”

Notes to editors:

For media enquiries and interview requests, contact Dr Matilda Brindle: matilda.brindle@biology.ox.ac.uk      

The study ‘A comparative approach to the evolution of kissing’ will be published in Evolution and Human Behavior at 00:01 GMT Wednesday 14 November 2025 at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106788 To view a copy of the study before this under embargo, contact Dr Matilda Brindle: matilda.brindle@biology.ox.ac.uk 

About the University of Oxford

Oxford University has been placed number 1 in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for the tenth year running, and ​number 3 in the QS World Rankings 2024. At the heart of this success are the twin-pillars of our ground-breaking research and innovation and our distinctive educational offer.

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