New materials conduct ions in solids as easily as in liquids

• Scientists have created a new family of organic materials that stay conductive in the solid state.
• The new materials conduct ions equally well as liquids, liquid crystals, and solids, with no steep decrease in ion movement when the salt solidifies.
• The team’s discovery overturns a long-standing limitation in electrochemistry: that freezing or crystallizing a liquid inevitably slows ion movement.
• The findings have been published today (18/12/25) in Science.

Normally, when liquids solidify, their molecules become locked in place, making it much harder for ions to move and leading to a steep decrease in ionic conductivity. Now, scientists have synthesised a new class of materials, called state-independent electrolytes (SIEs), that break that rule.

The team have achieved this result by designing a new class of organic molecular ions with special physical and electronic properties. Each molecule has a flat, disc-shaped centre surrounded by long flexible sidechains—like a wheel with soft bristles. Positive charge is spread out evenly across the molecule by the movement of electrons, which prevents it from tightly binding with its negatively charged partner. This allows the negative ions to move freely, flowing through the side-chains (the ‘soft bristles’).

Then, in the solid state, these organic ions naturally stack on top of each other, forming long rigid columns surrounded by many flexible arms: much like static rollers in a car-wash (see diagram in multimedia gallery). Despite forming an ordered structure, the flexible side chains still create enough space for the negative ions to continue moving as freely as they would in a liquid.

The result: a dynamic ordered structure that allows the negatively charged ions to move through just as easily in the solid state as in the liquid form, with no sharp decrease in ionic conductivity.

Lead author Professor Paul McGonigal (University of Oxford) says: “We designed our materials hoping that ions would move through the flexible, self-assembled network in an interesting way. When we tested them, we were amazed to find that the behaviour is unchanged across liquid, liquid-crystal, and solid phases. It was a really spectacular result – and we were happy to find it can be repeated with a few different types of ions.”

PhD student Juliet Barclay, first author on the study, says: “As a PhD student, it’s incredibly rewarding to discover something that changes how we think materials can work. We’ve shown that organic materials can be engineered so that the movement of ions doesn’t ‘freeze out’ when the material solidifies. This opens new possibilities for safer, lightweight solid-state devices that work efficiently over wide temperature ranges.”

This work is a collaboration between scientists at the Universities of Oxford, York, Leeds and Durham, with partners in Portugal, Germany, and the Czech Republic.

The discovery could lead to new classes of flexible and safe solid electrolytes. One potential use case could be adding the electrolyte into a device as a liquid at a slightly elevated temperature, allowing it to make a good contact with the electrodes, before cooling to ambient temperature and using it in a safe solid form without losing ionic conductivity.

The resulting solid electrolytes have potential applications in batteries, sensors, and electrochromic devices, where organic solids are generally advantageous over inorganic materials because of their lightweight and flexible physical properties, and the potential to source them renewably.

The research team at Oxford are now working to increase the conductivity and versatility of the materials, as well as using them in electronic devices for computing.

Notes to editors:

For media enquiries and interview requests please contact: Professor Paul McGonigal: paul.mcgonigal@chem.ox.ac.uk or 44 (0)18652 75656.

The paper ‘State-Independent Ionic Conductivity’ will be published in Science at 19:00 GMT / 14:00 US ET Thursday 18 December 2025 at http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk0786

Advance copies of the paper may be obtained from the Science press package, SciPak, at https://www.eurekalert.org/press/scipak/ or by contacting scipak@aaas.org

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