image: (A). Light was absorbed by a leaf and reflected and transmitted from the leaf. The reflect light includes specular and diffuse portion, and this reflect light distribution can be modeled with BRDF (B). Leaf section microscopy images were analyzed to obtain surface roughness data (G), which, along with other phenotypic traits (H), were fed into a predictive model. The DSDI platform was developed for measuring leaf reflect light distribution (C), calibrated for data accuracy with white board standard (D). Data of anatomical and physiological traits and the reflect light distribution data were used to develop ensemble learning (EL) model, including Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest Regression (RFR), and Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT), for accurate prediction of BRDF parameters, roughness (σ(λ)), diffuse reflection coefficient (k(λ)) and refractive index (n(λ)). This study develops the BRDF parameter acquisition tools and its prediction model based on the data of leaf anatomical and physiological traits, which supports canopy light-use efficiency modeling.
Credit: The authors
By combining a custom-built optical instrument with physics-based modeling and machine learning, the study shows that leaf-level optical properties can be quantified and predicted with high precision.
Understanding how light is distributed within plant canopies has long been a central goal in crop science, because canopy photosynthesis ultimately determines biomass accumulation and yield. Previous research has demonstrated that “smart” canopy architectures—such as erect leaves in upper layers and flatter leaves below—can improve light-use efficiency. However, most canopy models assume that leaves share uniform optical properties, ignoring variation caused by species differences, canopy position, and leaf anatomy. Direct optical measurements of leaf reflectance and transmittance are slow and unsuitable for large-scale phenotyping, leaving a critical gap between detailed optical theory and practical crop improvement. These limitations highlight the need for scalable methods that can link leaf structure and physiology to optical behavior, motivating the research presented here.
A study (DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphe.2025.100135) published in Plant Phenomics on 30 October 2025 by Xin-Guang Zhu’s team, Chinese Academy of Sciences, provides a practical pathway to integrate realistic leaf optics into 3D canopy models, enabling more accurate simulations of light distribution and opening new opportunities for breeding crops with higher photosynthetic efficiency and improved yield potential.
The researchers first developed a Directional Spectrum Detection Instrument (DSDI) capable of measuring how light is reflected from leaf surfaces across a wide range of illumination and viewing angles. Leaves from maize, rice, cotton, and poplar were sampled from both upper and lower canopy layers, and reflectance was measured on both the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) leaf surfaces. Using these measurements, the team applied the Cook–Torrance bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model to quantify three key optical parameters: surface roughness, diffuse reflection coefficient, and refractive index. In parallel, they quantified leaf phenotypic traits, including thickness, specific leaf weight, pigment composition, and microscale surface roughness derived from leaf cross-section images. The measured BRDF parameters were then incorporated into ray-tracing simulations of a three-dimensional rice canopy, demonstrating that realistic variation in leaf optical properties strongly alters how scattered light is distributed within the canopy. Leaves with different roughness or scattering characteristics produced markedly different light environments, confirming that accurate optical parameterization is essential for reliable canopy photosynthesis modeling. Finally, the researchers trained an ensemble learning model that integrated multiple machine-learning approaches to predict BRDF parameters directly from phenotypic traits. This model achieved high predictive accuracy, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.83 to 0.99, establishing a direct and scalable link between leaf traits and optical behavior.
In summary, this study introduces an integrated framework that unites novel instrumentation, physical modeling, and data-driven prediction to transform how leaf optical properties are characterized. By showing that complex optical traits can be reliably inferred from easily measured phenotypic features, the work bridges a long-standing gap between plant phenotyping and canopy photosynthesis modeling. The approach not only improves the realism of light-distribution simulations but also provides breeders and modelers with new tools to design crops optimized for light use. Ultimately, the findings point toward a future in which leaf optical traits become routine targets in crop improvement strategies aimed at enhancing productivity under diverse growing conditions.
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References
DOI
Original Source URl
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphe.2025.100135
About Plant Phenomics
Plant Phenomics is dedicated to publishing novel research that will advance all aspects of plant phenotyping from the cell to the plant population levels using innovative combinations of sensor systems and data analytics. Plant Phenomics aims also to connect phenomics to other science domains, such as genomics, genetics, physiology, molecular biology, bioinformatics, statistics, mathematics, and computer sciences. Plant Phenomics should thus contribute to advance plant sciences and agriculture/forestry/horticulture by addressing key scientific challenges in the area of plant phenomics.
Journal
Plant Phenomics
Method of Research
Experimental study
Subject of Research
Not applicable
Article Title
Leaf bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) prediction with phenotypic traits in four species: Development of a novel measuring and analyzing framework
Article Publication Date
30-Oct-2025
COI Statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.