A new dataset exposes biodiversity loss hidden in global staple food trade

Global food trade is essential for food security but its ecological consequences often remain unseen. A new data paper published in One Ecosystem introduces a global long-term dataset, quantifying biodiversity loss embodied in the international trade of staple food crops. As such, this dataset offers a novel perspective on how food trade redistributes environmental pressures worldwide.

Developed by Dr Zhuofan Huang and Dr Zhenglei He, the dataset spans 1995–2022 and focuses on four major staple crops: wheat, soybean, rice and maize. By integrating bilateral trade data from UN Comtrade with agricultural production statistics from FAOSTAT and biodiversity loss intensity factors expressed as the Potential Disappeared Fraction (PDF), the dataset translates food trade flows into quantifiable biodiversity loss transfers between countries.

The resulting global network includes 157 countries and up to 91,414 trade relationships, capturing the dynamic evolution of biodiversity loss embedded in staple food trade over nearly three decades. Unlike previous studies that examine agricultural biodiversity impacts at national or sectoral levels, this dataset explicitly maps how biodiversity loss is transferred across borders through international trade.

Initial analyses reveal a strong upward trend in biodiversity loss embodied in global staple food trade. Among the four crops, soybean trade shows the most rapid increase, with biodiversity loss rising more than sixfold from 1995 to 2022, and surpassing wheat as the dominant contributor in recent years. The findings also highlight the central role of major agricultural producers and traders (including the United States, Brazil, China, Australia and Argentina) in shaping global biodiversity loss patterns.

The authors have openly released this dataset, therefore providing a valuable resource for interdisciplinary research and policy analysis. The data can support assessments of environmental responsibility in food supply chains, help identify high-risk trade pathways, and inform the development of more sustainable and equitable global food trade policies – these factors will in turn contribute to biodiversity conservation and the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals 15 (Life on Land).