image: Figure 6. MB protects HFSCs from glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) induced cytotoxicity. (A) Representative Western blot showing GLP-1R expression across different cell types. (B) HFSCs were cultured on precoated dishes and treated with MB or vehicle for up to 7 days, followed by re-culturing with varying concentrations of GLP-1R agonists for 5 days. Cell proliferation was assessed by manual cell counting. (C) Representative bright field images of (B).
Credit: Copyright: © 2026 Sadashivaiah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
“Remarkably, pre-treatment with MB protected HFSCs from GLP-1 RA–induced metabolic stress and premature cell death.”
BUFFALO, NY — May 19, 2026 — A new research paper was published in Volume 18 of Aging-US on May 5, 2026, titled “Methylene blue protects hair follicle stem cells from oxidative and metabolic stress to enhance hair regeneration.”
The study was led by first author Kavitha Sadashivaiah and corresponding author Kan Cao from the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. In this study, the authors investigated how methylene blue (MB), a long-established mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, affects human hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) under conditions of oxidative and metabolic stress. Hair follicle stem cells are essential for maintaining hair growth and regeneration, but aging, ultraviolet radiation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction can impair their regenerative capacity and contribute to hair thinning and scalp aging.
Using cultured human HFSCs, the researchers found that methylene blue significantly enhanced stem cell proliferation and viability while reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, MB also increased activation of β-catenin signaling, a central pathway involved in hair follicle regeneration, stem cell maintenance, and wound repair. Functional scratch-assay experiments further demonstrated that MB accelerated wound closure and regenerative activity in HFSC cultures.
The study also explored how methylene blue interacts with other compounds commonly associated with scalp or hair health. While antioxidant vitamins A and C improved oxidative stress scavenging, they unexpectedly reduced MB-induced β-catenin activation when used in combination. In contrast, minoxidil—the widely used hair growth stimulant—worked synergistically with MB to further enhance β-catenin signaling and improve HFSC viability.
“Overall, these findings identify methylene blue as a multifunctional therapeutic candidate that reduces oxidative and metabolic stress while supporting HFSC–mediated hair regeneration.”
Another major focus of the paper involved glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), medications increasingly used for diabetes and weight management. Recent clinical observations have suggested that some patients receiving GLP-1 RA therapy may experience hair thinning or hair loss. The authors demonstrated that increasing GLP-1 RA concentrations caused dose-dependent reductions in HFSC viability in vitro. However, pretreatment with methylene blue substantially protected the stem cells from GLP-1 RA–associated metabolic stress and premature cell death.
Beyond stem cell protection, the paper discusses methylene blue’s broader potential role in scalp health. Because MB absorbs ultraviolet radiation and has previously demonstrated protective effects against UV-induced DNA damage in skin cells, the authors propose that it may help shield the scalp microenvironment from oxidative injury while supporting regenerative signaling pathways important for hair maintenance. The study also highlights MB’s possible antimicrobial properties and its potential influence on scalp microbiome balance.
Importantly, the authors emphasize that the findings are based on in vitro cellular models and that further in vivo studies will be necessary before clinical applications can be established. Additional research will be required to define appropriate dosing, pharmacokinetics, long-term safety, and therapeutic efficacy in living systems.
Overall, this study identifies methylene blue as a potentially multifunctional therapeutic candidate for supporting hair follicle stem cell health under conditions of oxidative, metabolic, and pharmacologic stress. By combining antioxidant activity with activation of regenerative β-catenin signaling, MB may represent a promising future strategy for protecting scalp health, enhancing hair regeneration, and improving the resilience of aging hair follicle stem cells.
Paper DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206376
Corresponding author: Kan Cao – kcao@umd.edu
Abstract video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44KQ1cFqUJg
Keywords: methylene blue, minoxidil, HFSCs, Wnt/β-catenin, GLP-1 RA
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Journal
Aging-US
Method of Research
News article
Subject of Research
Cells
Article Title
Methylene blue protects hair follicle stem cells from oxidative and metabolic stress to enhance hair regeneration
Article Publication Date
5-May-2026
COI Statement
K.C. is the founder of Mblue Labs. The other authors declare no competing interests. The company had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, manuscript preparation, or the decision to publish.