image: Fig. 1. Viral Community Structure in Blood and Fecal Specimens. A structed from blood. B Comparative analysis of viral family abundance (top 20) in blood is presented for the healthy control cohort versus the two tumor-bearing cohorts. C The relative proportions of the 10 most abundant mammalian-infecting viral families in blood samples are visualized using a circular layout. In this representation, arc lengths correspond to abundance, with distinct colors assigned to each viral family, facilitating a comparison across the healthy control and the two tumor subgroups. D The taxonomic composition of the fecal virome is summarized by a stacked bar chart showing the relative abundance of the top 20 viral families for each fecal sample library. E This panel depicts the distribution of the 20 most common viral families within fecal samples, comparing the healthy control group with the two tumor subgroups. F A comparative visualization of the top 10 mammalian-infecting viral families highlights their relative abundances in fecal samples from the healthy control and the two tumor subcohorts.
Credit: Yi Zhou, Qing Guo, Xingyue Zhao, Wei Zhang, Han Zhang, Shiyin Huang, Zihan He, Youhua Xie, Wen Zhang, Jinhua Gu, Shaokun Pan, Wang Li
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in global cancer incidence, causing over 650,000 deaths annually. The clinical management of this disease has long been hampered by a scarcity of effective early screening tools—most patients are first diagnosed at advanced stages, when the therapeutic window is extremely narrow. Our team has systematically profiled the virome in blood and fecal samples from gastric cancer patients, delineating the virological landscape of the disease.
“In healthy individuals, the blood virome is dominated by bacteriophages—viruses that infect bacteria,” explains Dr. Wang Li, corresponding author of a new study published in Virologica Sinica. “But in gastric cancer patients, over 80% of viral sequences belong to a single family, Anelloviridae—viruses that infect humans but rarely cause disease. At the same time, viral diversity plummets, as if an entire ecosystem is being taken over by one species.”
The researchers identified 67 provisional novel anellovirus species and one entirely new virus, a gemykibivirus, in the blood of gastric cancer patients, greatly expanding our understanding of the hidden diversity of the human blood virome.
“Interestingly, the gut told a different story,” says Li. “While blood diversity declined, the gut virome of cancer patients showed increased diversity, with a mix of bacteriophages that different body compartments respond to cancer in distinct ways.”
“This indicates that the virome is not a single entity but is compartment‑specific, with each site following its own ecological rules,” says co‑corresponding author Dr. Shaokun Pan.
The most clinically translatable finding came from LEfSe analysis, which identified Betatorquevirus, a genus within Anelloviridae, as a key viral signature distinguishing gastric cancer patients from healthy individuals. Network analyses further revealed that anelloviruses negatively correlate with multiple bacteriophage families, suggesting they may outcompete other viruses in the bloodstream.
“The expansion of blood anelloviruses holds promise as a non‑invasive biomarker for gastric cancer,” adds Li. “Whether this virus can serve as a non‑invasive biomarker requires larger prospective studies to validate its clinical utility.”
This study provides the first comprehensive atlas of blood and gut virome remodeling in gastric cancer, offering new insights into fundamental biology and laying a foundation for the development of future diagnostic tools. The team has made all data publicly available to accelerate further research in this emerging field.
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Contact the author:
Dr. Wang Li
The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
liwang20091221@126.com
Dr. Shaokun Pan
Fudan University
skpan@fudan.edu.cn
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Journal
Virologica Sinica
Article Title
Blood and gut virome remodeling in gastric cancer: Anellovirus expansion and novel virus discovery
COI Statement
The authors disclose no potential conflicts of interest, whether financial or non-financial, associated with the research, authorship, and publication of this manuscript.